合同履行障碍合同法解决机制

Settlement Mechanism of Contract Law on Obstacles to Contract Performance

摘要: 所谓合同履行障碍，在客观上表现为当事人因不可抗力或自身原因不执行合同规定义务的行为。我国合同履行障碍制度的问题种类繁杂，分类不明确，关于合同履行障碍没有具体的规定，合同履行障碍案件的认定和解决也不明确。本文以“不履行”、“义务违反”为一级连结点完善我国合同履行障碍制度的起点，其中，“不履行”是广义上的涵盖不给付、给付迟延及不良给付的意义，是从债权人的视角看债务人的义务履行情况。而“义务违反”是从债务人的视角看其义务履行情况。而作为二级层面的合同履行障碍情形则有更为丰富的表现，既可以表现为给付不能、给付迟延、积极侵害债权，也可以表现为缔约过失责任、债权人迟延、拒绝履行，还可以表现为行为基础障碍、义务侵害或者以后可能会出现的新型类型等。

Abstract: Obstacles to contract performance are objectively manifested as the parties’ failure to perform their obligations under the contract due to force majeure or their own reasons. The types of problems in the system of obstacles to contract performance in China are complex and unclear. There are no specific provisions on obstacles to contract performance, and the identification and resolution of cases of obstacles to contract performance are also unclear. This article takes “non performance” and “breach of obligation” as the primary connecting points to improve the system of obstacles to contract performance in China. Among them, “non performance” is a broad sense that covers non performance, delay in payment, and non performing performance. It is a view of the debtor’s performance from the perspective of creditors. “Breach of obligations” refers to the performance of obligations from the perspective of the debtor. As a secondary level, the situation of obstacles to contract performance has more abundant manifestations, which can be manifested as inability to pay, delay in payment, and active infringement of creditor’s rights, as well as liability for contracting negligence, creditor’s delay, and refusal to perform. It can also be manifested as behavioral basis obstacles, obligation infringement, or new types that may arise in the future.