无立而无不立——商人确认书视角下的民商关系

No Establishment, No Failure—Civil-Commercial Relations in the Perspective of Merchant Confirmation

摘要: 商人确认书为商事主体间在缔结合同前所进行之交涉，在比较法上已积淀数十年，但在我国并不明确。在德国法上，商人确认书较传统民法上的要约承诺规则更为便捷。在民法学说下，契约要素说并不符合商人确认书制度的目的，而在默示构造说背景下，应肯定其取代或协商原本契约内容，并通过意思表示错误的理论解决问题。而在识别确认书时，应当考虑主体身份、确认书内容及形式、相距时间、发信人之信赖等因素。在我国《民法典》中，仅第489条同本文所讨论之设权性商人确认书旨趣相同，因而可类推适用；第489条第一款、第145条、第171条及第10条则难以导出此制度。

Abstract: The merchant’s confirmation, which is a bargain between commercial subjects prior to the conclusion of a contract, has been accumulated for decades in comparative law, but is not clear in our country. In German law, the merchant’s confirmation is more convenient than the traditional civil law rule of offer and promise. Under the civil law doctrine, the contractual element theory does not meet the purpose of the merchant confirmation system, and in the background of the implied construction theory, it should be affirmed to replace or negotiate the original contractual content, and solve the problem through the theory of error of meaning. And when identifying the confirma-tion, the identity of the subject, the content and form of the confirmation, the time between, and the reliance of the sender should be considered. In China’s Civil Code, only Article 489 is of the same in-terest as the confirmation of the merchant with authority discussed in this article and can be ap-plied by analogy, while the first paragraphs of Article 489, Article 145, Article 171 and Article 10 are difficult to derive this system.