|
[1]
|
Wheeler, A.P. and Bernard, G.R. (2007) Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Clinical Review. The Lancet, 369, 1553-1564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[2]
|
Jain, S., Self, W.H., Wunderink, R.G., Fakhran, S., Balk, R., Bramley, A.M., et al. (2015) Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hos-pitalization among U.S. Adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 415-427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[3]
|
Jackson, C.D., Burroughs-Ray, D.C. and Summers, N.A. (2020) Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of Ameri-ca Update on Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 15, 743-745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[4]
|
Woodhead, M., Blasi, F., Ewig, S., Garau, J., Huchon, G., Ieven, M., et al. (2011) Guidelines for the Management of Adult Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17, E1-E59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[5]
|
Mufson, M.A. and Stanek, R.J. (1999) Bacteremic Pneu-mococcal Pneumonia in One American City: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study, 1978-1997. The American Journal of Medi-cine, 107, 34S-43S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[6]
|
Baddour, L.M., Yu, V.L., Klugman, K.P., Feldman, C., et al. (2004) Combination Antibiotic Therapy Lowers Mortality among Severely Ill Patients with Pneumococcal Bacteremia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170, 440-444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[7]
|
Martínez, J.A., Horcajada, J.P., Almela, M., et al. (2003) Addi-tion of a Macrolide to a Beta-Lactam-Based Empirical Antibiotic Regimen Is Associated with Lower In-Hospital Mortal-ity for Patients with Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36, 389-395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[8]
|
Weiss, K., Low, D.E., Cortes, L., et al. (2004) Clinical Characteristics at Initial Presentation and Impact of Dual Therapy on the Outcome of Bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia in Adults. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 11, 589-593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[9]
|
Torres, A., Rank, D., Melnick, D., et al. (2019) Randomized Trial of Ceftazidime-Avibactam vs Meropenem for Treatment of Hospi-tal-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia (REPROVE): Analyses per US FDA-Specified End Points. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 6, ofz149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[10]
|
Martin-Loeches, I., Lisboa, T., Rodriguez, A., et al. (2010) Combination Antibiotic Therapy with Macrolides Improves Survival in Intubated Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine, 36, 612-620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[11]
|
Sligl, W.I., Asadi, L., Eurich, D.T., Tjosvold, L., Marrie, T.J. and Majumdar, S.R. (2014) Macrolides and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Sys-tematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical Care Medicine, 42, 420-432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[12]
|
Rodriguez, A., Mendia, A., Sirvent, J.M., et al. (2007) Combination Antibiotic Therapy Improves Survival in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Shock. Criti-cal Care Medicine, 35, 1493-1498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[13]
|
Siddiqui, A.H. and Koirala, J. (2021) Methicillin Re-sistant Staphylococcus aureus. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221
|
|
[14]
|
Puren, A.J., Feldman, C., Savage, N., et al. (1995) Pat-terns of Cytokine Expression in Community Acquired Pneumonia. Chest, 107, 1342-1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[15]
|
Fernández-Serrano, S., Dorca, J., Coromines, M., et al. (2003) Mo-lecular Inflammatory Responses Measured in Blood of Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 10, 813-820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[16]
|
De Pascale, G., Bello, G. and Antonelli, M. (2011) Steroids in Severe Pneumonia: A Literature Review. Minerva Anestesiologica, 77, 902-910.
|
|
[17]
|
Venkatesh, B., Finfer, S., Co-hen, J. and Myburgh, J. (2018) Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 797-808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[18]
|
Briel, M., Spoorenberg, S.M.C., Snijders, D., et al. (2018) Corticosteroids in Patients Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66, 346-354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[19]
|
Annane, D., Renault, A., Brun-Buisson, C., et al. (2018) Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 809-818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[20]
|
Esperatti, M., Ferrer, M., Giunta, V., et al. (2013) Validation of Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 41, 2151-2161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[21]
|
Vincent, J.-L., Sakr, Y., Singer, M., et al. (2020) Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection among Patients in Intensive Care Units in 2017. JAMA, 323, 1478-1487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[22]
|
Metlay, J.P., Waterer, G.W., Long, A.C., et al. (2019) Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medi-cine, 200, e45-e67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[23]
|
Han, J., Gatheral, T. and Williams, C. (2020) Procalcitonin for Patient Stratification and Identification of Bacterial Co-Infection in COVID-19. Clinical Medicine (London), 20, e47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[24]
|
National Institutes of Health (2023) Information on Covid-19 Treatment, Prevention and Research. Covid-19 Treatment Guidelines. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
|
|
[25]
|
Beigel, J.H., Tomashek, K.M., Dodd, L.E., et al. (2020) Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19—Final Report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 1813-1826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[26]
|
Muthuri, S.G., Venkatesan, S., Myles, P.R., et al. (2014) Effective-ness of Neuraminidase Inhibitors in Reducing Mortality in Patients Admitted to Hospital with Influenza A H1N1pdm09 Virus Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2, 395-404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[27]
|
Dutkowski, R. (2010) Oseltamivir in Seasonal Influenza: Cumulative Experience in Low- and High-Risk Patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 65, ii11-ii24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[28]
|
Tchesnokov, E.P., Feng, J.Y., Porter, D.P., et al. (2019) Mechanism of In-hibition of Ebola Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Remdesivir. Viruses, 11, 326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[29]
|
Sheahan, T.P., Sims, A.C., Graham, R.L., et al. (2017) Broad-Spectrum Antiviral GS-5734 Inhibits Both Epidemic and Zoonotic Coronaviruses. Science Translational Medicine, 9, eaal3653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[30]
|
Agostini, M.L. andres, E.L., Sims, A.C., et al. (2018) Corona-virus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease. mBio, 9, e00221-18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[31]
|
de la Torre, M.C., Torán, P., Serra-Prat, M., et al. (2016) Serum Lev-els of Immunoglobulins and Severity of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 3, e000152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[32]
|
de la Torre, M.C., Palomera, E., Serra-Prat, M., et al. (2016) IgG2 as an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Journal of Critical Care, 35, 115-119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[33]
|
Justel, M., Socias, L., Almansa, R., et al. (2013) IgM Levels in Plasma Predict Outcome in Severe Pandemic Influenza. Journal of Clinical Virology, 58, 564-567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[34]
|
Shao, Z., Feng, Y., Zhong, L., et al. (2020) Clinical Efficacy of In-travenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Critical Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicentre Retrospective Cohort Study. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 9, e1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[35]
|
Lanza, M., Polistina, G.E., Imitazione, P., Annunziata, A., Di Spirito, V., Novella, C., et al. (2020) Successful Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. IDCases, 21, e00794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[36]
|
Xie, Y., Cao, S., Li, Q., Chen, E., Dong, H., Zhang, W., et al. (2020) Effect of Regular Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy on Prognosis of Severe Pneumonia in Patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection, 81, 318-356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[37]
|
Tagami, T., Matsui, H., Fushimi, K. and Yasunaga, H. (2015) In-travenous Immunoglobulin and Mortality in Pneumonia Patients with Septic Shock: An Observational Nationwide Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61, 385-392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[38]
|
Zhou, Z., Xie, S., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) Short-Term Moderate-Dose Cor-ticosteroid Plus Immunoglobulin Effectively Reverses COVID-19 Patients Who Have Failed Low-Dose Therapy. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|