体育活动对青少年儿童性别社会化的Meta分析

Meta-Analysis of Physical Activity on Gender Socialization of Adolescents and Children

摘要: 目的：个体参加体育锻炼会对其性别角色发展产生不同的影响，探讨不同运动项群对男性化特征和女性化特征的影响效果及调节因素，为相关教学人员制定运动处方提供参考。方法：检索Web of Science、Pubmed、Springer、Elsevier、中国知网、万方、维普数据库于2000年1月1日~2023年2月22日发表的相关论文，由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料后，运用Comprehensive Meta analysis 3.3软件进行元分析，并选用Hedge’s g值作为效应量指标。结果：共纳入了6篇文章，22个独立效应量，817名被试。随机效应模型的meta分析表明：体育活动提高男性化特征较大(SMD = 0.870, p < 0.05)，提高女性化特征较小(SMD = 0.338, p < 0.05)。对纳入文献进行异质性检验的结果表明，男性化特征异质性检验结果Q = 286.554 (p < 0.01)，I2 = 95.812；女性化特征异质性检验结果Q = 112.405 (p < 0.01)，I² = 89.324，表明研究间存在较高的异质性，有必要进行亚组分析。亚组分析的结果表明，性别、年龄和测量工具对男性化特征和女性化特征均不存在显著调节作用，运动项群对男性化特征和女性化特征存在显著调节作用。结论：体育锻炼提高男性化特征较大，提高女性化特征较小。体育锻炼对性别社会化的影响不受性别、年龄、测量工具的调节。难美型项目可以明显提高女性化特征；对抗类、格斗类可以明显提高男性化特征。这些结果肯定了体育锻炼对于性别社会化的作用，促进了性别角色在体育领域的研究。

Abstract: Objective: Individuals participating in physical exercise will have different effects on their gender role development. To explore the effects and moderating factors of different exercise groups on masculinity and femininity, and to provide reference for the formulation of exercise prescriptions for relevant teaching staff. Method: The relevant papers published on Web of Science, Pubmed, Springer, Elsevier, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases from January 1, 2000 to February 22, 2023 were retrieved. After literature screening and data extraction by two researchers, Comprehensive Meta analysis 3.3 software was used for meta-analysis, and Hedge’s g value was selected as the effect size index. Results: A total of 6 articles, 22 independent effect sizes, and 817 subjects were included. Meta-analysis of the random effects model showed that physical activity increased masculinity characteristics more (SMD = 0.870, p < 0.05), but decreased femininity characteristics (SMD = 0.338, p < 0.05). The heterogeneity test results of the included literatures showed that the heterogeneity test results of masculine characteristics Q = 286.554 (p < 0.01), I2 = 95.812; Q = 112.405 (p < 0.01), I² = 89.324, indicating high inter-study heterogeneity, it is necessary to conduct subgroup analysis. The results of subgroup analysis showed that gender, age and measurement tools had no significant moderating effects on masculinity and femininity, but exercise group had significant moderating effects on masculinity and femininity. Conclusion: Physical exercise improves masculine characteristics more than feminine characteristics. The influence of physical exercise on gender socialization is not adjusted by gender, age and measuring tools. Unattractive items can significantly improve femininity; Antagonism and fighting can significantly improve masculinity. These results confirm the role of physical exercise in gender socialization and promote the study of gender roles in the field of sports.