从道德起源的角度分析弗洛伊德“欲望”的价值

Analyzing the Value of Freud’s “Desire” from the Perspective of Moral Origins

摘要: 欲望是哲学问题探讨所不可忽视的一个概念，无数哲人通过不同的路径对欲望进行探析。20世纪精神分析学家西格蒙德•弗洛伊德在对欲望分析时，表明人类早期图腾的象征作用，指出人类在图腾禁忌之下人的欲望受到压制，由此来彰显人类早期道德生活的运作。通过对道德起源的分析，能够进一步把握弗洛伊德人格理论的内涵，弗洛伊德从人本身以及文明的角度，认为“性冲动”贯穿于人的个体以及整体之中，而文明只是人类进程中的一部分，在欲望和文明的关系中，欲望是受到压制的。对此，弗洛伊德确立了快乐原则和现实原则来阐释人们的道德生活，给予人的欲望以及人的道德生活合理化的解释，以此来帮助人认识欲望本身。

Abstract: Desire is a concept that cannot be ignored in the discussion of philosophical problems, and countless philosophers have explored desire through different paths. The 20th-century psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud showed the symbolic role of early human totems in his analysis of desires, pointing out that human desires were suppressed under the totem taboo, thereby highlighting the operation of early human moral life. Through the analysis of the origin of morality, we can further grasp the connotation of Freud’s personality theory, Freud from the perspective of man itself and civilization, believes that “sexual impulse” runs through the individual and the whole of people, and civilization is only a part of the human process, in the relationship between desire and civilization, desire is suppressed. In this regard, Freud established the principle of happiness and the principle of reality to explain people’s moral life, give people desires and rationalize explanations of people’s moral life, so as to help people understand desire itself.