《博士论文》中马克思自由观的三重逻辑演进

The Triple Logic Evolution of Marx’s View on Freedom in His Doctoral Thesis

摘要: 马克思在《博士论文》中通过澄清伊壁鸠鲁与德谟克利特在原子论上的对立关系，证明了人的自我意识的自由可以突破必然性的束缚。首先，马克思证明了伊壁鸠鲁哲学中的偶然性对德谟克利特哲学中必然性的否定；其次，马克思阐述了伊壁鸠鲁原子偏斜运动的合理性，为人的自我意识的自由建立了哲学依据；最后，马克思通过区分德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁双方各自的原子排斥运动，得出原子的排斥运动是原子偏斜运动中自由的完成。由此，马克思在《博士论文》中描绘了一副关于人的自由何以超越必然性束缚的图景。

Abstract: In his Doctoral Dissertation, Marx proved that the freedom of human self-awareness can break the shackles of inevitability by clarifying the opposite relationship between Epicurus and Democritus on atomism. First, Marx proved that contingency in Epicurus’ philosophy negates necessity in Democritus’ philosophy; Secondly, Marx expounded the rationality of Epicurus’ atomic deflection movement, which established the philosophical basis for the freedom of human self-awareness; Finally, by distinguishing the atomic repulsion movements of Democritus and Epicurus, Marx concluded that the atomic repulsion movement is the free completion of the atomic deflection movement. As a result, Marx depicted in his doctoral thesis a picture of how human freedom transcends the constraints of necessity.