“1 + X”证书制度困境探析

Analysis of the Dilemma of the “1 + X” Certificate System

摘要: “1 + X”证书自试行以来，在专业技能培养方面成效显著，然其管理体系混乱、行业认可度不高、考核标准和范围狭义、甚至出现证书商品化的严重问题。“1 + X”证书作为一项试点政策，其目的是在一定的时间和空间范围，验证其正确性和可行性，充分结合“顶层设计”与“底层创新”两种试点运行模式及其优势，推动我国职业教育高质量发展。由于“1 + X”证书政策涉及多因素，关系多主体，跨界多领域，其执行过程必然是各方角力和妥协的过程，各种矛盾和问题的出现在所难免。为此，回归政策本身，分析政策的模糊性和冲突性，溯源并构建政策执行“模糊冲突”模型，窥析“1 + X”证书执行样态，探究模糊冲突内因，发掘“底层创新”的执行实质，完善制度的“顶层设计”，促使职业教育高质量发展。

Abstract: Since its trial implementation, the “1 + X” certificate has achieved significant results in cultivating professional skills. However, its management system is chaotic, the industry recognition is not high, the assessment standards and scope are narrow, and there are even serious problems with the commercialization of the certificate. As a pilot policy, the purpose of the “1 + X” certificate is to verify its correctness and feasibility within a certain time and space range, fully combining the two pilot operation modes of “top-level design” and “low-level innovation” and their advantages, and promoting the high-quality development of vocational education in China. Due to the fact that the “1 + X” certificate policy involves multiple factors, relationships with multiple subjects, and cross-border fields, its implementation process is inevitably a process of struggle and compromise among all parties, and various contradictions and problems are inevitable. To this end, return to the policy itself, analyze the ambiguity and conflict of policies, trace the source and constructing a “fuzzy conflict” model for policy implementation, observe the “1 + X” certificate execution pattern, explore the internal causes of fuzzy conflicts, explore the essence of “bottom innovation” execution, improve the “top-level design” of the system, and promote the high-quality development of vocational education.