大学生成就动机与职业兴趣类型的关系：性别角色的中介作用

The Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Professional Interest Types of College Students: The Mediating Role of Gender Roles

摘要: 目的：探讨大学生成就动机与职业兴趣类型的关系及性别角色在成就动机与职业兴趣类型之间的中介作用。方法：采用成就动机量表、BEM性别角色量表修订版、大学生职业兴趣问卷，选取陕西某高校412名本科大学生进行问卷调查。结果：大学生职业兴趣类型在性别、专业及性别角色类型上存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。大学生追求成功的成就动机、合成动机与职业兴趣的六个类型呈正相关(r = 0.134~0.443, P < 0.05)。多元逐步回归分析发现，追求成功的成就动机可以正向预测除艺术型外的其他五种职业兴趣类型( = 0.158~0.335, P < 0.01)，回避失败可以负向预测经营性和社会型职业兴趣( = −0.115~−1.017, P < 0.05)；男性化特质可以正向预测研究型、经营型与常规型职业兴趣( = 0.118~0.258, P < 0.05)，女性化特质可以显著正向预测艺术型、社会型与户外型职业兴趣( = 0.224~0.369, P < 0.05)。性别角色的男性化特质在成就动机与研究型、经营型、社会型职业兴趣类型之间起部分中介作用，性别角色的女性化特质在成就动机与研究型、社会型、经营型、常规型、户外型的职业兴趣类型之间起部分中介作用。结论：追求成功的成就动机与合成动机正向作用于所有职业兴趣类型，性别角色类型的不同男女性特质预测不同的职业兴趣类型。性别角色在成就动机与部分职业兴趣类型之间起部分中介作用。

Abstract: Objective: To explore the relationship between college students’ achievement motivation and vocational interest types, and the mediating role of gender roles between achievement motivation and vocational interest types. Methods: Using achievement motivation scale, revised BEM gender role scale and college students’ vocational interest questionnaire, 412 undergraduate students from a university in Shaanxi were selected for questionnaire survey. Results: There were significant differences in gender, major and gender role types among college students’ vocational interests (P < 0.05). There is a positive correlation between achievement motivation, synthetic motivation and six types of professional interests of college students (r = 0.134~0.443, P < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis shows that the achievement motivation of pursuing success can positively predict the other five types of professional interests except artistic ones ( = 0.158~0.335, P < 0.01), and the avoidance of failure can negatively predict business and social professional interests ( = −0.115~−1.017, P < 0.05). Masculinity can positively predict professional interests of research, management and convention ( = 0.118~0.258, P < 0.05), while femininity can significantly positively predict professional interests of art, society and outdoor ( = 0.224~0.369, P < 0.05). The masculinity of gender roles partially mediates achievement motivation and research-oriented, business-oriented and social-oriented occupational interest types, while the femininity of gender roles partially mediates achievement motivation and research-oriented, social-oriented, business-oriented, conventional and outdoor occupational interest types. Conclusion: Achievement motivation and synthetic motivation of pursuing success positively affect all types of professional interests, and different gender characteristics of gender role types predict different types of professional interests. Gender roles play a partial mediating role between achievement motivation and some types of professional interests.