论海洋法历史性权利之“持续有效行使相关管辖权”要件

On the Requirement of “Continuous and Effective Exercise of Relevant Jurisdiction” of Historical Rights in the Law of the Sea

摘要: 尽管学界和实践中对于历史性权利的内涵及构成要件持有不同意见，但通过对历史性权利的研究和表述进行分析，可以发现“持续有效行使相关管辖权”构成了历史性权利的核心要件。根据现有文件以及司法仲裁实践可以发现，这个公因式能被拆分出“管辖权的行使”“有效行使管辖权”以及“持续行使管辖权”三个方面，这三个方面分别对应不同的要点。管辖权的行使主要体现在国家对于历史性海湾、历史性水域以及历史性群岛水域主张特定的航海和渔业控制的行政管理。有效行使管辖权需注意公开权利主张，通常情况下外国的默认是产生历史性权利的必要条件。持续行使管辖权应保证时间上的连续性，至于需要多长时间应具体情况具体分析，原则是遵循已存在的法律效力或事实状态。

Abstract: Despite the divergent views in academia and practice on the connotation and constituent elements of historical rights, an analysis of studies and expressions of historical rights reveals that the “continuous and effective exercise of relevant jurisdiction” constitutes the core element of historical rights. According to the existing documents and judicial and arbitration practice, it can be found that this common factor can be split into three aspects, namely, “exercise of jurisdiction”, “effective exercise of jurisdiction”, and “continuous exercise of jurisdiction”, which correspond to different elements respectively. Jurisdiction should be exercised primarily in the context of the administration of the state’s claim to specific navigational and fisheries controls over historic bays, historic waters, and historic archipelagic waters. Effective exercise of jurisdiction requires attention to the publicity of the claim, and foreign acquiescence is usually a necessary condition for the creation of historic rights. Continuous exercise of jurisdiction should ensure continuity in time, and the length of time required should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, following the principle of pre-existing legal effects or factual status.