黄淮南片冬小麦品种节水丰产性鉴选研究

Research on the Selection of Water-Saving and High-Yielding Winter Wheat Varieties in the Southern Huanghuai Region

摘要: 为了筛选出同等水分供应条件下，水分利用效率高、稳定高输出、具有较好节水性和抗旱性的小麦新品种，设置全生育期不灌水(W0)、拔节水(W1)、拔节水+开花水(W2) 3个灌水处理，采用10个主要推广冬小麦品种，研究了不同品种产量、水分利用效率及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的差异，结果表明：依据籽粒产量和水分利用效率2个因子将供试品种分为高水分利用效率组(I组)、中水分利用效率组(II组)和低水分利用效率组(III组)。随着灌水次数的增加，参试品种的产量平均值均有不同程度的增加，两年平均产量W0条件下，I组和II组分别比III组高22.53%、19.12%；W1条件下，I组和II组分别比III组高11.21%、6.62%。水分利用效率(两年平均)随着灌水次数的增加逐渐降低，W0条件下水分利用效率，I组和II组分别比III组高22.20%、20.76%；W1条件下，I组和II组分别比III组高17.7%、11.02%；W2条件下，I组和II组分别比III组高9.33%、9.13%。成穗数、穗粒数随灌溉次数的增加，均有不同程度的增加，千粒重没有一致性的规律。不同品种和处理的小麦旗叶SOD和CAT活性表现一致，拔节期最低，扬花期最高，后逐渐下降；各处理间，随着灌水次数的增加，SOD和CAT活性表现整体下降趋势，W0较其他处理一直保持较高的水平，W1次之，W2最低。各品种间，拔节期、扬花期和灌浆期CAT活性均表现为I组 > II组 > III组，SOD活性，不同品种三个测定时期的表现不尽相同。通过综合评价，洛旱22、洛旱19、周麦27和淮麦33在不同水分处理水平下均表现出较高的产量和水分利用效率，属于抗旱、节水、丰产性好的小麦品种，洛旱22和洛旱19可以在黄淮麦区旱肥地或扩灌区推广种植，周麦27和淮麦33在节水灌溉区推广种植。

Abstract: To select new wheat varieties with high water use efficiency, stable and high output, good water-saving and drought resistance under the same water supply conditions, three irrigation treat-ments were set including no irrigation throughout the entire growth period (W0), irrigation at jointing stage (W1), and irrigation at jointing and flowering stages (W2). Ten major winter wheat varieties were used to study the differences in yield, water use efficiency, and the activities of su-peroxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results showed that the tested varieties could be classified into three groups based on grain yield and water use efficiency comprising high water use efficiency group (Group I), moderate water use efficiency group (Group II), and low water use effi-ciency group (Group III). With the increase in irrigation frequency, the average yield of the tested varieties showed varying degrees of increase. The average yields over two years, under W0 conditions, were 22.53% higher for Group I and 19.12% higher for Group II compared to Group III; under W1 conditions, they were 11.21% higher for Group I and 6.62% higher for Group II compared to Group III. Water use efficiency (average over two years) gradually decreased with the increase in ir-rigation frequency. Under W0 conditions, water use efficiency was 22.20% higher for Group I and 20.76% higher for Group II compared to Group III; under W1 conditions, it was 17.7% higher for Group I and 11.02% higher for Group II compared to Group III; under W2 conditions, it was 9.33% higher for Group I and 9.13% higher for Group II compared to Group III. The number of spikes and grains per spike increased to varying degrees with the increase in irrigation frequency, while the thousand-grain weight did not show a consistent pattern. The SOD and CAT activities of wheat flag leaves of different varieties and treatments were consistent, and the lowest jointing stage was the highest at the flowering stage, and then gradually decreased; among the treatments, with the in-crease of irrigation times, the SoD and CAT activities showed an overall downward trend, and W0 was higher than other treatments. W1 is the second and W2 is the lowest. The CAT activity of each variety at the jointing stage, flowering stage and filling stage all showed the expression Group I > Group II >Group III, the performance of SOD activity in the three test periods of different varieties is not the same. Through comprehensive evaluation, varieties such as Luohan 22, Luohan 19, Zhoumai 27, and Huaimai 33 showed higher yields and water use efficiency at different water treatment levels. They are drought-resistant, water-saving, and high-yielding wheat varieties. Luohan 22 and Luohan 19 can be promoted for cultivation in dry and fertilized areas or expanded irrigation areas in the Huang-Huai region, while Zhoumai 27 and Huaimai 33 can be promoted for cultivation in water-saving irrigation areas.