严格责任视角下合同履行障碍的救济机制

Remedy Mechanisms for Obstacles to Contract Performance under the Perspective of Strict Liability

摘要: 合同履行障碍这一概念源于给付障碍，《民法典》为了使合同当事人从该障碍状态中脱离，采用了统一构成要件与具体风险分配规则并用的二级救济机制。具体风险分配规则适用的可责性划分标准，随着过错责任向严格责任的转向而消弭。传统民法理念的风险分配规则不再将过错作为要件，这导致合同解除规则与个性化的风险负担规则之间出现了规范竞合。本文从合同履行障碍的特征出发，在学界二元论的基础上，对规范竞合情形下，债权人的选择权路径进行修正。

Abstract: The concept of the obstacles to contract performance originates from the obstacles to payment. In order to remove the contracting parties from this state of impediment, the Civil Code adopts a secondary remedy mechanism that combines uniform constituent elements with specific risk allocation rules. The specific risk allocation rule applies a criterion for the division of blameworthiness that dissolves with the shift from fault-based liability to strict liability. The traditional civil law concept of risk allocation rules no longer takes fault as an element, which leads to a normative competition between contractual discharge rules and individualised risk burden rules. In this paper, starting from the characteristics of the obstacles to contract performance, the path of the creditor’s right of choice in the case of competing norms is revised on the basis of the academic dichotomy.