欧盟法视域下涉外侵权法律适用规则之例外条款

Escape Clauses of Foreign-Related Tort Law Application in the Perspective of European Union Law

摘要: 美国在多次《冲突法重述》修订中，形成了以判例为基础抽象出具体规则，再以个案判断与裁量结合规则形成新判例的路径。与美国涉外侵权法律关系法律适用立法趋向不同，欧盟立法采取了态度鲜明的另一路径——在指向确定性的前提下通过采用软化工具优化法律适用规则，逐渐形成了以罗马条例II为核心的在非合同领域的法律适用条例，以成文法形式确定了欧盟在涉外侵权法律适用议题上的协作，突出了欧盟国际私法的确定性。民法典的颁布生效进一步催化了我国国际私法学界对于现有冲突规范构造的思考，如何使得涉外纠纷准据法选择更加确定化，从而给予司法适当的裁量成为国际私法学界的重要议题。本文笔者拟通过引入罗马条例II中一般侵权规则中“既存关系”的立法构造，思考“最密切联系原则”的具体化与确定化，以期抛砖引玉。

Abstract: In the United States, the Restatement of the Law of Conflicts has been amended for several times, forming the path of abstracting specific rules based on precedents, and then forming new precedents by combining the rules evolved from case-by-case judgement and discretion. Different from the legislative tendency of the United States in the legal application of foreign tortrelated legal relations, the European Union legislation has adopted a distinctive alternative path—optimising the rules of legal application by adopting softening tools under the premise of pointing to certainty, and gradually forming the European Union’s regulations on the application of law in the noncontractual field with the core of the Rome Regulation II, determining the legal application of the European Union’s law in the form of statute law. The collaboration of the EU on the topic of foreign tort law application has highlighted the certainty of the EU’s private international law. In China, after the enactment of the Civil Code, private law urgently needs to be integrated, so as to increase the certainty of choosing applicable rules, and to grant appropriate discretion to the judiciary under the premise of a tangible statutory framework, so as to further advance towards the convergence of the world’s private international law. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the limitation of the principle of the closest connection, citing the legislative examples of the European Union’s escape clause as a reference, and hopefully, contribute to the advancement of this one.