民法典视野下夫妻一方交通事故侵权之债认定规则探究

Research on the Recognition Rules of Debt in Traffic Accident Infringement by One Party of a Couple from the Perspective of the Civil Code

摘要: 夫妻一方交通事故侵权案件在司法实践中频发，但其责任归属没有形成一个统一的裁判标准，法院的司法裁判大多判定责任承担方式为夫妻共同债务，裁判依据更是混乱不一。我国《民法典》也缺乏对此类案件的具体规定，仅有对夫妻共同债务中意定之债的相关规则，缺少本文所探讨的法定侵权之债的相关规定。因此，在综合考量婚姻关系的维护与债权人利益保护的平衡基础上，衔接我国《民法典》关于意定之债中夫妻共同债务的认定，应在实体上确立夫妻一方交通事故侵权之债原则上由个人承担、例外时由夫妻共同承担的裁判原则，以“共同生活、共享收益”为主要判断标准的责任归属体系，程序上完善由债权人承担初步证明责任的规则，以更好的解决司法实践需要，保障夫妻关系的和谐稳定，维护社会良好运行。

Abstract: Traffic accident infringement cases involving one spouse are frequent in judicial practice, but there is no unified judgment standard for the attribution of responsibility. Most judicial judgments of the court determine that the way of assuming responsibility is through joint debt between the spouses, and the judgment basis is even more chaotic. The Civil Code of our country also lacks specific provisions for such cases, only the relevant rules for the voluntary debt in the joint debt of spouses, and lacks the relevant provisions for the statutory tort debt discussed in this article. Therefore, based on a comprehensive consideration of the balance between the maintenance of marital relationships and the protection of creditors’ interests, and in conjunction with the determination of the joint debt of spouses in the voluntary debt in the Civil Code of China, it is necessary to establish a substantive judgment principle that the debt of one spouse in traffic accident infringement should be borne by the individual in principle and jointly borne by the husband and wife in exceptional cases, and a responsibility attribution system based on the main judgment criteria of “living together and sharing profits”, procedurally, improve the rules for creditors to bear the initial burden of proof, in order to better address the needs of judicial practice, ensure the harmony and stability of marital relationships, and maintain the good operation of society.