智能合约的法律风险及规制研究

Research on the Legal Risk and Regulation of Smart Contracts

摘要: 智能合约是建立在区块链上的一种去中心化、自动执行且难以被篡改的新型合同。也正是因为这些特性，导致智能合约面临着诸多的法律风险，比如存在编码漏洞问题，在现实交互以及语言转化等方面都存在一定的风险和挑战。智能合约的自动履行还会涉及到民法、刑法等部门法的违法风险，可能产生违约责任、侵权责任以及各类刑事责任等。当前，我国针对智能合约的法律规制缺乏的现状，无疑将会阻碍区块链产业继续向更深层次的道路发展。这对构建一个稳定、和谐的市场环境是极其不利的。基于此，十分有必要构建一套适合我国国情的智能合同法律体系。要想建立健全智能合约风险防范的前沿性立法，就必须将法学与技术科学等其他学科结合起来，构建出一个涵盖事前预防、事中监管、事后救济的全过程、多角度、深层次的法律规制体系。

Abstract: Smart contracts with block chain as the underlying technology have the advantages of decentralization, automatic fulfillment and difficult to tamper with. It is precisely because of this particularity that smart contracts have multiple legal and technical bottlenecks, including a series of risks and challenges in issues such as coding loopholes, language transformation, realistic interaction, and transnational regulation. The automatic performance of smart contract also involves the illegal risk of civil law, criminal law and other departmental laws, which may produce liability for breach of contract, tort liability, all kinds of criminal law liability, etc. At present, the lack of legal regulation on smart contracts in China is undoubtedly a hidden danger in the continuous deepening of the block chain industry, which is not conducive to the creation of a stable and healthy market. Therefore, it is necessary to build a smart contract legal system that fits the current rule of law in China. To improve the frontier design of smart contract risk prevention law in China, we should take the perspective of law and technical science, and construct a three-dimensional, multi-dimensional and deep-depth legal regulation system covering pre-prevention, in-process supervision and post-relief.