论无权代理情形被代理人沉默的意思表示

On the Expression of Intention of the Principal’s Silence in the Case of No Authority

摘要: 意思表示可以以沉默的方式作出。原则上沉默不构成意思表示，它既不构成同意也不构成拒绝。《民法通则》第66条第1款第3句规定了“沉默视为同意”规则，在解释论上存在：默示追认说，默示授权说，表见授权说，应认为表见授权说更具备正当性。在无权代理情形，被代理人保持沉默，其无须积极地对无权代理的事实表示否定。但在被代理人的沉默因法律、约定、交易惯例、诚实信用原则等因素足以使相对人对被代理人有义务积极地作出表示产生信赖时，应使被代理人承担容忍代理的表见代理责任。在民法典时代，此条的规范含义可被《民法典》第172条所涵盖，但此种“容忍代理型表见代理”的构成要件未明确，构成要件的不确定易造成审判结果之不妥当。本文认为其构成要件应为：被代理人“明知”代理人实施无权代理行为、被代理人有意容忍了代理人产生或维持了代理人具有代理权的权利外观、相对人善意、无过失地信赖本人沉默所指涉的代理权表象、被代理人具有可归责性这五个要件，如此可达到相对人与被代理人之间的利益平衡。

Abstract: The expression of intention can be made in silence. In principle, silence does not constitute an expression of will; it constitutes neither consent nor refusal. The third sentence of the first paragraph of Article 66 of the General Principles of Civil Law stipulates the rule of “silence as consent”, which exists in the theory of interpretation: the theory of implied ratification, the theory of implied authorization and the theory of apparent authorization should be considered as more legitimate. In the case of powerless agency, the principal remains silent and does not have to actively deny the fact that he has no right to be represented. However, when the principal's silence is sufficient to make the counterpart believe in the principal’s obligation to actively express itself due to laws, conventions, trading practices, principles of good faith and other factors, the principal shall bear the apparent agency responsibility of tolerating the agency. In the era of the Civil Code, the normative meaning of this article can be covered by Article 172 of the Civil Code, but the constituent elements of this kind of “tolerant agency type apparent agency” are not clear, and the uncertainty of the constituent elements is easy to cause the inappropriate outcome of the trial. This paper holds that its constituent elements should be: The principal “knows” that the agent has no right to act as agent, the principal intentionally tolerates or maintains the appearance of the agent’s right to act as agent, the counterpart’s good faith, reliance without fault on the appearance of the agent’s agency referred to by his silence, and the principal’s liability, so as to achieve the balance of interests between the counterpart and the principal.