| [1] | Hidi, S. and Renninger, K.A. (2006) The Four-Phase Model of Interest Development. Educational Psychologist, 41, 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [2] | Hidi, S., Renninger, K.A., et al. (2004) Interest, a Motivational Variable That Combines Affective and Cognitive Functioning. Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition: Integrative Perspectives on Intellectual Functioning and Development, 89, 115. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [3] | Knekta, E., Rowland, A.A., et al. (2020) Measuring University Students’ Interest in Biology: Evaluation of an Instrument Targeting Hidi and Renninger’s Individual Interest. International Journal of STEM Education, 7, Article No. 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00217-4
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [4] | Lewalter, D., Geyer, C., et al. (2014) Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Communication Formats on Visitors’ Under-Standing of Nanotechnology. Visitor Studies, 17, 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2014.945345
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [5] | Holstermann, N. and Bögeholz, S. (2007) Interesse von Jungen und Mädchen an naturwissenschaftlichen Themen am Ende der Sekundarstufe I. Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften, 13, 71-86. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [6] | Cēdere, D., Jurgena, I., et al. (2015) Cognitive Interest: Problems and Solutions in the Acquisition of Science and Mathematics in Schools of Latvia. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 14, 424-434. https://doi.org/10.33225/BalticSTE/2015.33
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [7] | Zhou, G. (2010) Conceptual Change in Science: A Process of Argumentation. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 6, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75231
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [8] | Rotgans, J.I. and Schmidt, H.G. (2017) The Relation between Individual Interest and Knowledge Acquisition. British Educational Research Journal, 43, 350-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3268
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [9] | Mozeika, D. and Cedere, D. (2008) Study on Influence of Students’ Interest in Natural Sciences on the Level of Knowledge and Understanding in Chemistry. The Proceedings of Conference ATEE Spring University. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [10] | Kooffreh, M.E., Ikpeme, E.V. and Mgbado, T.I. (2021) Knowledge, Perception, and Interest Regarding Biotechnology among Secondary School Students in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 49, 664-668. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21507
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [11] | Kahu, E., Nelson, K., et al. (2017) Student Interest as a Key Driver of Engagement for First Year Students. Student Success, 8, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v8i2.379
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [12] | Thomas, L. (2012) Building Student Engagement and Belonging in Higher Education at a Time of Change. Paul Hamlyn Foundation, London, 100(1-99). | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [13] | Jang, H. (2008) Supporting Students’ Motivation, Engagement, and Learning during an Uninteresting Activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 798-811. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012841
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [14] | Renninger, K.A. and Hidi, S. (2002) Student Interest and Achievement: Developmental Issues Raised by a Case Study. In: Wigfield, A. and Eccles, J.S., Eds., Development of Achievement Motivation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012750053-9/50009-7
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [15] | Renninger, K.A. (2000) Individual Interest and Its Implications for Understanding Intrinsic Motivation. In: Sansone, C. and Harackiewicz, J.M., Eds., Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 373-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012619070-0/50035-0
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [16] | Renninger, K.A. and Hidi, S.E. (2022) Interest Development, Self-Related Information Processing, and Practice. Theory into Practice, 61, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1932159
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [17] | Fried, L. (2011) Teaching Teachers about Emotion Regulation in the Classroom. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n3.1
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [18] | Mazer, J.P. (2012) Development and Validation of the Student Interest and Engagement Scales. Communication Methods and Measures, 6, 99-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.679244
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [19] | Titsworth, S., Quinlan, M.M., et al. (2010) Emotion in Teaching and Learning: Development and Validation of the Classroom Emotions Scale. Communication Education, 59, 431-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634521003746156
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [20] | Skinner, E., Furrer, C., et al. (2008) Engagement and Disaffection in the Classroom: Part of a Larger Motivational Dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 765-781. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [21] | Nielson, K.A. and Lorber, W. (2009) Enhanced Post-Learning Memory Consolidation Is Influenced by Arousal Predisposition and Emotion Regulation but Not by Stimulus Valence or Arousal. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.002
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [22] | Cayanus, J.L. and Martin, M.M. (2008) Teacher Self-Disclosure: Amount, Relevance, and Negativity. Communication Quarterly, 56, 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370802241492
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [23] | Dai, K. and Wang, Y. (2023) Investigating the Interplay of Chinese EFL Teachers’ Proactive Personality, Flow, and Work Engagement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2174128
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [24] | Derakhshan, A. (2022) Revisiting Research on Positive Psychology in Second and Foreign Language Education: Trends and Directions. Language Related Research, 13, 1-43. https://doi.org/10.52547/LRR.13.5.2
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [25] | Jin, Y. and Zhang, L.J. (2018) The Dimensions of Foreign Language Classroom Enjoyment and Their Effect on Foreign Language Achievement. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24, 948-962. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1526253
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [26] | Li, C., Dewaele, J.-M., et al. (2020) The Complex Relationship between Classroom Emotions and EFL Achievement in China. Applied Linguistics Review, 11, 485-510. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2018-0043
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [27] | Wang, Y. and Derakhshan, A. (2023) Enhancing Chinese and Iranian EFL Students’ Willingness to Attend Classes: The Role of Teacher Confirmation and Caring. Porta Linguarum, 39, 165-192. https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi39.23625
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [28] | Zhang, L.J., Saeedian, A., et al. (2022) Testing a Model of Growth Mindset, Ideal L2 Self, Boredom, and WTC in an EFL Context. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2100893
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [29] | Derakhshan, A., Zhang, L.J., et al. (2023) The Effects of Instructor Clarity and Non-Verbal Immediacy on Chinese and Iranian EFL Students’ Affective Learning: The Mediating Role of Instructor Understanding. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 13, 71-100. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.31733
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [30] | Mercer, S. and Dörnyei, Z. (2020) Engaging Language Learners in Contemporary Classrooms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024563
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [31] | Violanti, M.T., Kelly, S.E., et al. (2018) Instructor Clarity, Humor, Immediacy, and Student Learning: Replication and Extension. Communication Studies, 69, 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2018.1466718
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [32] | Limperos, A.M., Buckner, M.M., et al. (2015) Online Teaching and Technological Affordances: An Experimental Investigation into the Impact of Modality and Clarity on Perceived and Actual Learning. Computers & Education, 83, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.12.015
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [33] | Titsworth, B.S. (2001) Immediate and Delayed Effects of Interest Cues and Engagement Cues on Students’ Affective Learning. Communication Studies, 52, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970109388552
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [34] | Mazer, J.P. (2013) Associations among Teacher Communication Behaviors, Student Interest, and Engagement: A Validity Test. Communication Education, 62, 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2012.731513
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [35] | Segabutla, M.H. and Evans, R. (2019) Lack of Lecturer Clarity during Instruction: Possible Reason for Poor Throughput? South African Journal of Higher Education, 33, 115-131. https://doi.org/10.20853/33-3-2224
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [36] | Bolkan, S., Goodboy, A.K., et al. (2020) Student Assessment of Narrative: Telling Stories in the Classroom. Communication Education, 69, 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2019.1622751
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [37] | Bolkan, S. (2021) Storytelling in the Classroom: Facilitating Cognitive Interest by Promoting Attention, Structure, and Meaningfulness. Communication Reports, 34, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2020.1856901
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [38] | Gregersen, T. (2006) A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Nonverbal Teacher Immediacy and Foreign Language Anxiety in Chilean and Russian English Language Classrooms. Revista Signos, 39, 407-426. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09342006000300004
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [39] | Xie, F. and Derakhshan, A. (2021) A Conceptual Review of Positive Teacher Interpersonal Communication Behaviors in the Instructional Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article ID: 708490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708490
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [40] | Frymier, A.B., Goldman, Z.W., et al. (2019) Why Nonverbal Immediacy Matters: A Motivation Explanation. Communication Quarterly, 67, 526-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2019.1668442
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [41] | Gregersen, T. (2010) Demonstrating Affect: The Implications of Nonverbal Immediacy Training. The Impact of Affective Variables in L2: Teaching and Learning. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [42] | Witt, P.L., Wheeless, L.R., et al. (2004) A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relationship between Teacher Immediacy and Student Learning. Communication Monographs, 71, 184-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/036452042000228054
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [43] | Gabryś-Barker, D. (2018) Emotionality in L2 Teacher Discourse: Implications for Teacher Education and Future Research Directions. In: de Dios Martínez Agudo, J., Ed., Emotions in Second Language Teaching: Theory, Research and Teacher Education, Springer, Berlin, 301-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75438-3_17
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [44] | Gkonou, C. and Mercer, S. (2018) The Relational Beliefs and Practices of Highly Socio-Emotionally Competent Language Teachers. In: Mercer, S. and Kostoulas, A., Eds., Language Teacher Psychology, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, 158-177. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783099467-014
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [45] | Gregersen, T.S. (2005) Nonverbal Cues: Clues to the Detection of Foreign Language Anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 38, 388-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2005.tb02225.x
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [46] | Chesebro, J.L. (2003) Effects of Teacher Clarity and Nonverbal Immediacy on Student Learning, Receiver Apprehension, and Affect. Communication Education, 52, 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520302471
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [47] | Witt, P.L. and Wheeless, L.R. (2001) An Experimental Study of Teachers’ Verbal and Nonverbal Immediacy and Students’ Affective and Cognitive Learning. Communication Education, 50, 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520109379259
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [48] | Kelly, S. and Gaytan, J. (2020) The Effect of Instructors’ Immediate Behaviors and Clarity on Student Writing Apprehension. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 83, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490619868822
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [49] | Titsworth, S., Mazer, J.P., et al. (2015) Two Meta-Analyses Exploring the Relationship between Teacher Clarity and Student Learning. Communication Education, 64, 385-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2015.1041998
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [50] | Mazer, J.P. (2013b) Student Emotional and Cognitive Interest as Mediators of Teacher Communication Behaviors and Student Engagement: An Examination of Direct and Interaction Effects. Communication Education, 62, 253-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2013.777752
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [51] | Riapina, N. (2021) Clarity and Immediacy in Technology Mediated Communication between Teachers and Students in Tertiary Education in Russia. Communication Studies, 72, 1017-1033. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2021.2011364
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [52] | Harackiewicz, J.M., Smith, J.L., et al. (2016) Interest Matters: The Importance of Promoting Interest in Education. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216655542
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [53] | Renninger, K.A. and Hidi, S. (2015) The Power of Interest for Motivation and Engagement. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315771045
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [54] | Alexander, J.M., Johnson, K.E., et al. (2019) Multiple Points of Access for Supporting Interest in Science. In: Renninger, K. and Hidi, S., Eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Motivation and Learning (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 312-352. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.015
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [55] | Xu, J., Coats, L.T., et al. (2012) Promoting Student Interest in Science: The Perspectives of Exemplary African American Teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 49, 124-154. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831211426200
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [56] | Palmer, D.H. (2009) Student Interest Generated during an Inquiry Skills Lesson. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 46, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20263
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [57] | Walkington, C.A. (2013) Using Adaptive Learning Technologies to Personalize Instruction to Student Interests: The Impact of Relevant Contexts on Performance and Learning Outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 932-945. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031882
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [58] | Rotgans, J.I. and Schmidt, H.G. (2014) Situational Interest and Learning: Thirst for Knowledge. Learning and Instruction, 32, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.002
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [59] | Walker, A. and Leary, H. (2009) A Problem Based Learning Meta Analysis: Differences across Problem Types, Implementation Types, Disciplines, and Assessment Levels. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 3, 12-43. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1061
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [60] | Harackiewicz, J.M., Durik, A.M., et al. (2008) The Role of Achievement Goals in the Development of Interest: Reciprocal Relations between Achievement Goals, Interest, and Performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.105
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [61] | Hulleman, C.S., Godes, O., et al. (2010) Enhancing Interest and Performance with a Utility Value Intervention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 880-895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019506
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [62] | Hecht, C.A., Grande, M.R., et al. (2021) The Role of Utility Value in Promoting Interest Development. Motivation Science, 7, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000182
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [63] | Renninger, K. and Shumar, W. (2002) Community Building with and for Teachers at the Math Forum. In: Renninger, K. and Shumar, W., Eds., Building Virtual Communities: Learning and Change in Cyberspace (Learning in Doing: Social, Cognitive and Computational Perspectives), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 60-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606373.008
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [64] | Renninger, K.A., Sinclair, N., et al. (2012) Students’ Interest for and Work with Applet-Enhanced Word Problems. In: Embracing Diversity in the Learning Sciences, Routledge, London, 635-635. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [65] | Renninger, K.A., Bachrach, J.E., et al. (2019) Triggering and Maintaining Interest in Early Phases of Interest Development. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 23, Article ID: 100260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2018.11.007
 |