认知负荷理论在学校学习中的困境与出路

The Dilemma and Way Out of Cognitive Load Theory in School Learning

摘要: 认知负荷理论认为工作记忆容量有限导致了认知负荷超载。但是该理论针对长时记忆所提出的图式获得(学更多东西)与自动化策略(做更多练习)在课业任务较重的中学学习情景中(尤其是高中)并不易实施，甚至导致极端的应试教育。同时，认知负荷理论过于强调教师怎么教，忽视了学生怎么学，这会导致学生对教师的过度依赖。即使采用相同的教学设计，学生的学习效果仍存在较大差异性。认知负荷超载的原因不仅在于教学设计，更在于学生自身。越来越多的研究表明，工作记忆可以通过训练得以提高。学生应避免对教师的过度依赖，应主动建构图式、学习新知识，并主动反思、总结、归纳、内化，以提升晶体智力。但该过程要适当有度，不宜过度超前预习、盲目进行题海战术等。另外，学生应尽可能提升自身神经效率，例如保持充足睡眠、多运动、正念、进行刻意的智力训练(如学钢琴、珠算、编程等)等策略，做到轻松学习，以提升工作记忆能力和流体智力。

Abstract: Cognitive load theory is too pessimistic about working memory, believing that its capacity cannot be changed, and emphasizing the promotion of schema acquisition and automation in students’ long-term memory through instructional design. However, the schema acquisition (learn more) and automatic strategies (do more exercises) proposed by this theory for long-term memory are not easy to implement in middle school learning situations (especially high school) with heavy academic tasks, and even lead to extreme exam-oriented education. At the same time, cognitive load theory puts too much emphasis on how teachers teach and ignores how students learn, which will lead to students’ over-reliance on teachers. In fact, even with the same teaching design, there are still large differences in the learning effect of students. The cause of cognitive overload is not only the instructional design, but also the students themselves. A growing body of research shows that working memory can be improved with training. Students should avoid excessive dependence on teachers, and should actively construct schemas, learn new knowledge, and actively reflect, summarize, induce, and internalize. However, the process should be appropriate and moderate, and it is not appropriate to preview too much in advance and blindly conduct sea-of-questions tactics. In addition, students should improve their neurological efficiency as much as possible, such as maintaining adequate sleep, exercising more, mindfulness, and deliberate intellectual training (such as learning piano, abacus, programming, etc.), so as to learn easily and improve working memory ability.