生物质炭对马铃薯农田土壤养分及产量的影响

Effects of Biochar on Soil Nutrients and Yield in Potato Fields

摘要: 为探究生物质炭对马铃薯农田土壤养分及产量的影响，试验地位于陇中黄土高原地区，以连作马铃薯农田为研究对象，设置5个施肥处理：不添加有机肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、添加生物质炭2250 kg·hm⁻² (BC1)、添加生物质炭4500 kg·hm⁻² (BC2)、添加生物质炭6750 kg·hm⁻² (BC3)。采集马铃薯块茎膨大期和成熟期两个时期土壤样品，测定0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~30 cm土层的土壤有机质、全量氮磷钾、有效态氮磷钾和pH等土壤指标，结合方差分析，探究马铃薯产量显著提高时最佳生物质炭施肥量。结果表明：施用6750 kg·hm⁻²的生物质炭时，10~30 cm土层中有机质、碱解氮含量最高，较CK分别显著增加49.51%、34.34%；0~5 cm土层有效磷、全钾含量最高，分别显著增加38.40%、38.49%；5~10 cm土层速效钾含量最高，显著增加14.98%，马铃薯产量达最高，为4359.62 kg·hm⁻²。因此，施用生物质炭不但可以提高土壤养分，亦能促产增收。

Abstract: To explore the effects of biochar on soil nutrients and yield of potato farmland. In the experiment, the potato continuous cropping model was adopted, and the semi-arid potato farmland in the Longzhong Loess Plateau was taken as the research object, and 5 fertilization treatments were set: Do not add organic fertilizer (CK), conventional fertilization (F), add biochar 150 kg.C/mu (BC1), add biochar 300 kg¹C/mu (BC2), add biochar 450 kg.C/mu (BC3). Soil samples were collected at two periods of potato tuber expansion stage and maturity stage. Many soil indexes in 0~5 cm, 5~10 cm and 10~30 cm soil layers were determined. Combined with variance analysis, the optimal biomass charcoal fertilizer amount was explored when potato yield was significantly increased. The results showed that when 450 kg·C/mu of biochar was applied, the contents of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in 10~30 cm soil layer were the highest, which significantly increased by 49.51% and 34.34% compared with CK, respectively. The content of available P and total K in 0~5 cm soil layer was the highest, which increased significantly by 38.40% and 38.49%, respectively. The content of available potassium in 5~10 cm soil layer was the highest, which increased significantly by 14.98%, and the potato yield was the highest, which was 4359.62 kg·hm⁻². Therefore, the application of biochar can not only improve soil nutrients, but also promote yield and income.