法源视角下“司法造法”问题

The Issue of “Judicial Law-Making” from the Perspective of Legal Sources

摘要: “司法造法”的现实存在和司法机关的拒绝承认构成本文研究的逻辑起点。现行研究多聚焦于“司法造法”的存在形式、国内限制以及国际实现路径，鲜见文章从法源视角综合国际法与国内法的“司法造法”实践分析。法源视角下的“司法造法”问题可以分为法律适用和习惯识别。前者涉及国内的个案造法和司法解释，以及国际司法机构的条约演化解释。后者涉及国内习惯识别标准缺乏和国际习惯的肆意认定。就问题产生的原因，主要可以归结为法条自身的设立滞后和言语概括属性，以及习惯识别的证据和标准缺陷。为解决上述问题，可以在国内法层面进行法源条款改造和民法案例群方法引入；在国际法层面，可以通过条约演化解释尊重条约上下文、目的和嗣后行为并强化例证运用的形式，顺应国际法发展趋势开展“司法造法”。

Abstract: The actual existence of “judicial law-making” and the refused recognition of judicial authorities constitute the logical starting point of this study. Most of the current researches focus on the forms of existence, domestic restrictions and international realization paths of “judicial law-making”, and it is rare to find a practical analysis of “judicial law-making” that based on both international law and domestic law from the perspective of legal sources. The issue of “judicial law-making” from the perspective of legal sources can be divided into the application of law and customary identification. The former involves judgments in individual cases, judicial interpretation, as well as the evolutionary interpretation of treaties by international judicial bodies. The latter relates to the lack of domestic customary identification standards and the arbitrary identification of international customs. The causes of the problems can be mainly attributed to the lag in the establishment of the law itself, the ambiguous nature of words, as well as the evidence and standard defects in customary recognition. In order to resolve the above problems, the transformation of legal source clause and the introduction of the civil law case group method can be carried out at the domestic level. At the level of international law, the evolutionary interpretation of treaties can be confined to respecting the context, purpose and subsequent conduct of treaties and strengthening the use of illustrations to carry out “judicial law-making” in line with the trend of international law.