海平面上升危机之下的国家地位的维持

Maintenance of Statehood under the Sea-Level Rise Crisis

摘要: 环境问题日益严峻，海平面上升使得小岛屿国家面临着领土侵蚀甚至永久失去领土的未来，国家资格的认定也受到潜在影响。关于实体国家资格的确定，最为普遍接受的标准是《蒙特维多国家权利义务公约》的四项标准，在海平面上升的背景下，确定的领土和永久的居民这两大标准受到的冲击特别凸显。通过分析确定的领土对一个国家而言的传统功能，本文认为国家资格的存续和拥有确定的领土两者之间似乎不再如此密不可分；而流亡政府、无领土国家的实践以及《蒙特维多国家权利义务公约》内“领土”一词的可解释性，使得国家可以通过解释《公约》中的“领土”一词，将“水下领土”“虚拟领土”等概念纳入“领土”的范围，通过各国对这些国家的国家资格的持续承认以维持它们的国家地位。在永久的居民这一要素方面，本文通过分析对居民人权保护的必要性和国际合作下永久居民的暂时丧失和最终复现的可行性，认为暂时丧失永久的居民的实体的国家地位应当被承认。

Abstract: The identification of statehood is also potentially affected by increasing environmental concerns and sea-level rise, which exposes small island States to a future of territorial erosion or even permanent loss of territory. The most widely accepted criteria for determining entity state-hood are the four criteria of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Obligations of States, and the two main criteria of defined territory and permanent inhabitants are particularly hard-hit in the context of sea-level rise. By analyzing the traditional functions of a determined territory for a country, this paper suggests that the existence of statehood and possession of a defined territory no longer seem as inseparable. The practices of exile governments, stateless nations, and the interpretability of the term “territory” within the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States have allowed countries to interpret the term “territory” in the Convention, encompassing concepts such as “submarine territory” and “virtual territory”. This enables the inclusion of these notions within the scope of “territory”, and the continuous recognition of the statehood of such countries by other nations to maintain their international status. In the context of the permanent population element, the paper argues that the statehood of entities that have temporarily lost their permanent population should be recognized, by analyzing the need for the protection of the human rights of the residents and the feasibility of the temporary loss and eventual restoration of permanent population under international cooperation.