劳动法中的“劳动者”概念

The Concept of “Worker” in Labor Law

摘要: “劳动者”原型选择在我国劳动立法和制度设计中占据核心地位。我国《劳动法》和《劳动合同法》均采用“劳动者”这一概念来界定法律主体，并确立了单一调整模式，将全部劳动法规则适用于所有“劳动者”。但现行法律对“劳动者”的具体涵义缺乏详尽明确的解释。从立法背景和“劳动者”权利体系分析来看，《劳动法》主要基于国企职工这一原型来塑造“劳动者”角色，而《劳动合同法》则增添了农民工特质的考量。随着互联网用工模式的兴起，这种基于传统用工模式的劳动者定义难以适用于当前的雇佣关系。本文旨在重新审视和界定“劳动者”原型，尝试引入分类界定机制为互联网用工模式下的劳动者提供差异性规制，以期我国的劳动关系调整机制更加符合时代发展的需求。

Abstract: The selection of the “worker” prototype is crucial in the context of labor legislation and institutional arrangements in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Both the PRC Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law utilize the concept of “worker” to identify legal subjects, creating a standardized model that uniformly applies all labor rules to all workers. However, a specific and explicit interpretation of “workers” remains absent in current laws. An analysis from the standpoint of legislative history and the rights system for workers reveals that the PRC Labor Law predominantly shapes the “worker” prototype around state-owned enterprise employees, while the PRC Labor Contract Law expands this prototype by incorporating characteristics of rural migrant workers. Nevertheless, with the emergence of Internet-based employment models, the conventional employment-centric definition of workers encounters adaptability challenges. Consequently, it is imperative to reassess and redefine the prototype of the “worker”, incorporating a categorical approach to tailor the regulation of labor in the context of internet-based employment models. This endeavor aims to align China’s mechanism for managing labor relationships more effectively with the contemporary developmental demands.