锂离子电池模型研究进展

Research Progress on Lithium-Ion Battery Models

摘要: 锂离子电池以其高能量密度、长寿命和绿色环保等优越特性，已成为当今电动汽车、电动船舶、无人机以及电化学储能设备的主要能源承载体。作为一种复杂的化学储能装置，锂离子电池的内部状态难以通过仪器直接测量，因此需要通过建立精确的电池模型并结合一定的估计算法来计算其电荷状态、健康状态等关键状态量。由于锂电池的外特性受到周围环境温度、电池使用时间、电池充放电等多变因素的影响，模型的鲁棒性就显得尤为重要。模型的可靠性直接关系到电池的状态估计精度，间接影响电池管理系统的可靠性，可能导致车辆行驶中断电、续航骤降、动力不足，甚至引发车辆失控、电池热失控等严重事故。本文综述了当前广泛应用的几种模型，并从计算复杂度、电压估计精度和参数数量等方面对它们进行了详细比较。对等效电路模型、电化学模型和机器学习模型进行了深入介绍，同时列举了国内外学者对其进行的优化改进，并概述了它们未来的发展方向。

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries, characterized by their superior energy density, long lifespan, and environ-mentally friendly attributes, have emerged as the predominant energy carrier for contemporary electric vehicles, electric vessels, unmanned aerial vehicles, and electrochemical energy storage de-vices. As a complex chemical energy storage device, the internal state of lithium-ion batteries is challenging to directly measure using instruments. Therefore, it necessitates the establishment of precise battery models coupled with certain estimation algorithms for the calculation of crucial state variables such as charge and health status. Given that the external characteristics of lithium batteries are influenced by various factors, including ambient temperature, battery usage duration, and charge-discharge cycles, the robustness of the model becomes particularly crucial. The reliabil-ity of the model directly impacts the accuracy of battery state estimation and indirectly affects the reliability of battery management systems, potentially leading to issues such as power interruption, abrupt declines in driving range, insufficient power, and, in severe cases, triggering events like ve-hicle instability or thermal runaway of the battery. This paper provides an overview of several widely employed models, conducting a detailed comparison from perspectives of computational complexity, voltage estimation accuracy, and parameter quantity. Equivalent circuit models, elec-trochemical models, and machine learning models are comprehensively introduced, with examples of optimization enhancements by researchers globally, and an outline of prospective future direc-tions.