浅析船舶碰撞侵权行为以及责任承担

Analysis of Ship Collision Infringement and Liability Undertaking

摘要: 船舶碰撞侵权行为不同于物理意义或者通常含义上的船舶之间的碰撞，其本质上也并非一般侵权法中的物的侵权，而是实际操控者的侵权行为。一方面，船舶碰撞这一侵权行为应当适用《海商法》中第八章船舶碰撞的相关规定，归类为特殊侵权行为比较适当。另一方面，碰撞事故中，大多数是由于船舶驾驶人员在航行过程中所出现的违反航行规则的过失行为，但该类群体仅是行为主体，并非最后需要承担相应损害赔偿的责任主体，而是由船舶经营人、所有人等作为责任主体代替行为主体承担。据此，船舶碰撞侵权行为又可具体归类为准侵权行为类型中的他人加害行为。此外，在船舶碰撞的责任承担认定中，过失责任认定、海事赔偿责任限制和赔偿损失认定，在对具体案件的分析中亦应作为考量的重点。

Abstract: The infringement of ship collision is different from the physical or usual collision between ships, and its essence is not the infringement of objects in general tort law, but the infringement of actual controllers. On the one hand, the infringement of ship collision should be subject to the relevant provisions of Chapter 8 of the Maritime Law on Ship Collisions, and it is more appropriate to classify it as a special infringement. On the other hand, in collision accidents, the majority are due to the negligent behavior of ship drivers who violate navigation rules during navigation. However, this group is only the subject of behavior and is not the final responsible party for corresponding damages compensation. Instead, the ship operator, owner, and other responsible parties act as the responsible parties to replace the subject of behavior. Based on this, ship collision infringement can be specifically classified as the act of others causing harm in the quasi infringement type. In addition, in the determination of liability for ship collisions, the determination of fault liability, limitation of maritime compensation liability, and determination of compensation losses should also be considered as key points in the analysis of specific cases.