论受害人特殊体质因素对人身损害赔偿的影响

On the Impact of Special Physical Factors of Victims on Personal Injury Compensation

摘要: 最高人民法院第24号指导案例引申出一个重要的侵权法律问题，即当受害人的特殊体质与侵权行为结合共同造成或扩大了损害时，能否减轻侵权人的赔偿责任，判决认为被害人体质状况不是主观过错，对损害后果的影响不属于可以减轻侵权人责任的法定情形。但是该判决结论不能完全适用于具有特殊体质受害人的医疗事故案件，原因是医疗领域作为特殊领域，一概适用24号指导性案例进行裁判，会加重医护人员的注意义务，显失公平。司法实践中，法院对于这种类型的案件的判决结果分为判决患者承担全部责任、判决医疗机构承担全部责任、根据原因力理论或者过失相抵原则，医疗机构需要承担部分损害责任，针对各地法院裁判不一的做法，为了受害人特殊体质应否以及如何影响侵权责任的问题，应当明确何谓受害者特殊体质，特殊体质是否属于主观过错，针对特殊体质与损害结果之间的不同情况的因果关系如何认定,在医疗领域，受害人特殊体质只有在仅有受害人存在过错或者侵权者和受害人双方同时存在过错的情况下，人身损害赔偿责任才能减轻或者免除。

Abstract: The Supreme People’s Court’s Guiding Case No. 24 brought out a very important issue of tort law, namely, whether the tortfeasor’s liability can be reduced when the victim’s special physical condition and the tort combine to cause or expand the damage, and the judgment concluded that the victim’s physical condition is not a subjective fault, and that the impact on the consequences of the damage does not belong to the statutory circumstances that can reduce the tortfeasor’s liability. However, the conclusion of the judgment can not be fully applied to the medical malpractice cases with special physique victims, the reason is that the medical field as a special field, the blanket application of the 24th guiding case for adjudication, will increase the duty of care of medical personnel, obviously unfair. In judicial practice, the court for this type of case is divided into the judgment of the patient to assume full responsibility, the judgment of the medical institution to assume full responsibility, according to the theory of causality or the principle of offsetting fault, the medical institution needs to assume part of the responsibility for the damages, for the courts around the decision of the practice of the courts, to address the issue of whether and how the victim’s special physical condition affects tort liability, it should be clarified what is meant by the victim’s special physical condition, whether the special physical condition is a subjective fault, and how to determine the causal relationship between the special physical condition and the results of the damage. In the medical field, the liability for personal injury compensation can be reduced or exempted only if the victim alone is at fault or if both the tortfeasor and the victim are at fault at the same time.