基于遥感数据的内蒙古黄河流域生态质量评价

Ecological Quality Evaluation of the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia Based on Remote Sensing Data

摘要: 黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已成为重大国家战略，流域内的经济增长、产业发展与生态环境协同发展问题正逐渐成为研究热点，因此对于黄河流域的自然灾害检测与生态环境评价显得尤为重要。本文通过多源遥感数据对内蒙古黄河流域进行提取。通过土地利用转移矩阵对内蒙古地区黄河流域沙漠化与草地退化等自然灾害进行监控，并通过RSEI对黄河流域的生态环境进行了质量评估。内蒙古黄河流域草地退化与沙漠化在2000年到2010年这10年之间最为明显。结果如下：(1) 其中2000、2005、2010、2015、2020年草地面积为7484.5777 km2、6914.7979 km2、5965.8845 km2、5996.9663 km2、6906.6011 km2。2000年不论是高覆盖、低覆盖还是中覆盖草地的面积为最大，在2010年时草地退化最为严重。经过深入分析，我们发现草地退化的主要原因在于过度开垦导致了草地面积的减少，破坏了草原生态系统的平衡。随着农田的扩张，土地的覆被变化引发了土壤侵蚀、水资源枯竭和生物多样性丧失等问题，进而加速了草地的退化过程。但在2020年时草地面积相比于2015年增加了909.6348 km2，这其中大部分都是由耕地转为草地。(2) 内蒙古黄河流域的荒漠化面积在2000年到2015年间一直以减少为主，但在2015年至2020年之间荒漠面积增加了245.7310 km2，大部分由低覆盖草地与旱地转入，且与草地的增长有反向趋势。(3) 内蒙古地区黄河流域在生态质量指数评价中数值基本都在0.2~0.7之间，没有生态环境差与优的区域，这也是因为内蒙古黄河流域的主要用地类型为旱地，是受人为影响最为明显的区域，所以在2000~2020年间的RESI指数基本稳定，但2000年与2020年生态质量中等区域明显大于2005、2010与2015年，这与草地面积的增加有相同的规律。

Abstract: Ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin have become a major national strategy. The issue of coordinated development of economic growth, industrial development and ecological environment in the basin is gradually becoming a research hotspot. Therefore, the detection of natural disasters and ecological environment assessment in the Yellow River Basin are particularly important. This paper extracts the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia through multi-source remote sensing data. The land use transfer matrix was used to monitor natural disasters such as desertification and grassland degradation in the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia, and the quality assessment of the ecological environment of the Yellow River Basin was conducted through RSEI. Grassland degradation and desertification in the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia were most obvious in the 10 years from 2000 to 2010. The results are as follows: (1) Among them, the grassland area in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 is 7484.5777 km2, 6914.7979 km2, 5965.8845 km2, 5996.9663 km2, and 6906.6011 km2. In 2000, the grassland area was the largest regardless of whether it was high coverage, low coverage or medium coverage. In 2010, the grassland degradation was the most serious. Through in-depth analysis, we have found that the main cause of grassland degradation is excessive cultivation leading to a reduction in grassland area, disrupting the balance of grassland ecosystems. With the expansion of farmland, changes in land cover have triggered issues such as soil erosion, depletion of water resources, and loss of biodiversity, thereby accelerating the process of grassland degradation. But in 2020, the grassland area increased by 909.6348 km2 compared with 2015, most of which was converted from farmland to grassland. (2) The desertification area in the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia has been mainly decreasing from 2000 to 2015, but between 2015 and 2020, the desert area increased by 245.7310 km2 and most of it was transferred from low-coverage grassland and dryland. And there is an opposite trend to the growth of grassland. (3) In the ecological quality index evaluation of the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia, the values are basically between 0.2 and 0.7. There are no areas with poor or excellent ecological environment. This is also because the main land type in the Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia is dry land, which is most affected by human influence. Therefore, the RESI index between 2000 and 2020 is basically stable, but the area with medium ecological quality in 2000 and 2020 is significantly larger than that in 2005, 2010 and 2015. This has the same pattern as the increase in grassland area.