疑问代词“什么”和“哪里”的否定意义对比研究

A Comparative Study of Negative Meanings of Interrogative Pronouns Shenme and Nali

摘要: 除表疑问、指代外，汉语中疑问代词也包含非疑问意义，如指称、否定、惊异等。基于前人研究基础，本文从形式语言学的角度出发，通过分别描写现代汉语疑问代词“什么”和“哪里”的否定用法的句法语义特征，来对比二者表达否定意义时的区别，以期对汉语疑问代词否定意义的探究及对“什么”和“哪里”的对比研究有所贡献。研究发现：句法位置层面，表否定意义时，“什么”的位置更灵活、否定对象更丰富，而“哪里”的句法位置更高；语义特征层面，“什么”在某些语境中有谴责、劝慰等“哪里”不具备的语义和感情色彩，且二者的否定意义随疑问本义的不同而略有差异；此外，单独使用以表否定意义时，“哪里”的形式比“什么”更丰富。

Abstract: In addition to interrogatory and reference, interrogative pronouns in Mandarin Chinese also contain non-interrogative meanings, such as referring, denying, and astonishing. Based on previous studies, this paper, from the perspective of formal linguistics, compares the differences in the negative meanings of interrogative pronouns shenme and nail in modern Chinese by describing the syntactic and semantic features of the negative uses of the two pronouns, in order to investigate the negative meanings of interrogative pronouns in modern Chinese and to contribute to the comparative stud-ies focusing on the negative meaning between shenme and nali in Chinese. The study finds that, from the perspective of syntax, when expressing negative meaning, the syntactic position of shenme is more flexible and the object of its denial is more abundant than those of nali, while the syntactic position of nail is higher than that of shenme. From the perspective of semantic properties, shenme in certain contexts bares the semantic and emotional meaning that nail does not have, such as con-demnation and consolation. Furthermore, the negative meanings of shenme and nali differ slightly according to the original interrogative meaning of the two words. Finally, when appearing alone to denote negative meaning, the form of nali is more flexible and richer than that of shenme.