美国大学治理准则的兴起及作用

The Rise and Function of American University Governance Guidelines

摘要: 由高等教育协会组织制定和颁布的美国大学治理准则是大学治理的原则和标准，它是介于政府颁布的法律法规和大学内部自治性规则之间的中介性规则，主要以声明、指南、宣言、程序等形式呈现，在制定主体和准则性质上呈现出鲜明的特色。美国大学治理准则兴起于19世纪末20世纪初，其核心内容主要包括维护大学教师学术自由的准则、推进高校内部共同治理的准则、高等教育认证准则以及规范治理主体行为的准则等，各种类型的治理准则发展速度不同步，都有其独特的历史发展进程。美国大学治理准则在大学治理实践中不断得到认可和应用，尽管其作为一种软法有其不可避免的缺陷，但仍实实在在地对美国大学治理产生了积极的影响。

Abstract: The American university governance guidelines formulated and promulgated by the higher education associations are the principles and standards of American university governance. The university governance guidelines are rules between the higher education laws and internal rules within universities, mainly presented in the form of statements, guidelines, declarations and procedures, showing distinctive characteristics in the formulation subject and the nature of the guidelines. American university governance guidelines rose at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, and their core contents mainly include the guidelines of protecting academic freedom of university teachers, promoting shared governance within universities, higher education accreditation standards and guidelines for regulating the behavior of governance subjects and so on. All kinds of governance guidelines have their own unique historical development process. American university governance guidelines have been recognized and applied in the practice of American university governance. Although they have their inevitable defects as a soft law, they still have a positive impact on American university governance.