半月板突出的病理机制、诊断与治疗进展

Pathological Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advances of Meniscal Extrusion

摘要: 半月板突出是一种常见的膝关节疾病，通常通过MRI进行诊断，与膝关节的疼痛、功能障碍及退行性改变密切相关，严重影响患者的生活质量。半月板的主要功能包括分散关节受力、提供稳定性、促进润滑及保护软骨。当半月板发生突出时，这些功能会受到影响，导致疼痛和活动受限。半月板突出与外力损伤、退行性变化和半月板根部撕裂等因素有关，这些因素共同破坏半月板结构和功能。治疗半月板突出的策略包括非手术治疗如物理疗法、药物治疗和生活方式调整，以及手术治疗如部分切除术和半月板根部修复术。尽管已取得一定进展，但对半月板突出的病理机制理解不足，缺乏有效预防和根本治疗方法。通过分析最新研究成果，探讨半月板突出的机制、影响及治疗新视角，旨在为临床提供更有效的诊断和治疗策略。未来研究需深入探讨半月板损伤和修复的分子机制，发展新的治疗策略，利用新技术提高治疗准确性和个性化，改善患者膝关节功能和生活质量。

Abstract: Meniscal extrusion, a common condition of the knee joint, is typically diagnosed through MRI and is closely associated with knee pain, functional impairment, and degenerative changes, severely affecting the quality of life of patients. The primary functions of the meniscus include dispersing joint forces, providing stability, promoting lubrication, and protecting cartilage. When meniscal extrusion occurs, these functions are compromised, leading to pain and limited mobility. Meniscal extrusion is related to external injuries, degenerative changes, and tears at the meniscal root, which together deteriorate the structure and function of the meniscus. Treatment strategies for meniscal extrusion include non-surgical options such as physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle adjustments, as well as surgical interventions like partial meniscectomy and meniscal root repair. Despite some progress, there is still a lack of understanding of the pathological mechanisms behind meniscal extrusion, and effective prevention and fundamental treatment methods are missing. This review analyzes the latest research findings to explore the mechanisms, impacts, and new perspectives on the treatment of meniscal extrusion, aiming to provide more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for clinical practice. Future research needs to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms of meniscal damage and repair, develop new treatment strategies, and utilize new technologies to improve the accuracy and personalization of treatments, thereby enhancing knee joint function and quality of life for patients.