|
[1]
|
Riazi, K., Azhari, H., Charette, J.H., et al. (2022) The Prevalence and Incidence of NAFLD Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7, 851-861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[2]
|
Friedman, S.L., Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A., Rinella, M., et al. (2018) Mechanisms of NAFLD Development and Therapeutic Strategies. Nature Medicine, 24, 908-922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[3]
|
Saran, A.R., Dave, S. and Zarrinpar, A. (2020) Circadian Rhythms in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology, 158, 1948-1966.E1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[4]
|
Khan, R.S., Bril, F., Cusi, K., et al. (2019) Modulation of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md), 70, 711-724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[5]
|
Berthier, A., Johanns, M., Zummo, F.P., et al. (2021) PPARs in Liver Physiology. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, 1867, Article ID: 166097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[6]
|
Qiu, Y.Y., Zhang, J., Zeng, F.Y., et al. (2023) Roles of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Pharmacological Research, 192, Article ID: 106786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[7]
|
Dubois, V., Eeckhoute, J., Lefebvre, P., et al. (2017) Distinct but Complementary Contributions of PPAR Isotypes to Energy Homeostasis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127, 1202-1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[8]
|
Christofides, A., Konstantinidou, E., Jani, C., et al. (2021) The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) in Immune Responses. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 114, Article ID: 154338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[9]
|
Willson, T.M., Brown, P.J., Sternbach, D.D., et al. (2000) The PPARs: From Orphan Receptors to Drug Discovery. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43, 527-550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[10]
|
Bougarne, N., Weyers, B., Desmet, S.J., et al. (2018) Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocrine Reviews, 39, 760-802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[11]
|
Montagner, A., Polizzi, A., Fouché, E., et al. (2016) Liver PPARα Is Crucial for Whole-Body Fatty Acid Homeostasis and Is Protective against NAFLD. Gut, 65, 1202-1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[12]
|
Fisher, F.M. and Maratos-Flier, E. (2016) Understanding the Physiology of FGF21. Annual Review of Physiology, 78, 223-241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[13]
|
Janani, C. and Ranjitha Kumari, B.D. (2015) PPAR Gamma Gene—A Review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 9, 46-50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[14]
|
Schuler, M., Ali, F., Chambon, C., et al. (2006) PGC1alpha Expression Is Controlled in Skeletal Muscles by PPARbeta, Whose Ablation Results in Fiber-Type Switching, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metabolism, 4, 407-414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[15]
|
Pawlak, M., Lefebvre, P. and Staels, B. (2015) Molecular Mechanism of PPARα Action and Its Impact on Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation and Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Hepatology, 62, 720-733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[16]
|
Das Pradhan, A., Glynn, R.J., Fruchart, J.C., et al. (2022) Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. The New England Journal of Medicine, 387, 1923-1934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[17]
|
Filali-Mouncef, Y., Hunter, C., Roccio, F., et al. (2022) The Ménage À Trois of Autophagy, Lipid Droplets and Liver Disease. Autophagy, 18, 50-72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[18]
|
Luo, R., Su, L.Y., Li, G., et al. (2020) Activation of PPARA-Mediated Autophagy Reduces Alzheimer Disease-Like Pathology and Cognitive Decline in a Murine Model. Autophagy, 16, 52-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[19]
|
Xu, Y., Yu, T., Ma, G., et al. (2021) Berberine Modulates Deacetylation of PPARγ to Promote Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Thermogenesis via AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 17, 3173-3187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[20]
|
Katafuchi, T., Holland, W.L., Kollipara, R.K., et al. (2018) PPARγ-K107 SUMOylation Regulates Insulin Sensitivity but Not Adiposity in Mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 12102-12111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[21]
|
Andrade, M.L., Gilio, G.R., Perandini, L.A., et al. (2021) PPARγ-Induced Upregulation of Subcutaneous Fat Adiponectin Secretion, Glyceroneogenesis and BCAA Oxidation Requires MTORC1 Activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1866, Article ID: 158967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[22]
|
Lim, H.J., Park, J.H., Lee, S., et al. (2009) PPARdelta Ligand L-165041 Ameliorates Western Diet-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in LDLR-/-Mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 622, 45-51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[23]
|
Lee, C.H., Chawla, A., Urbiztondo, N., et al. (2003) Transcriptional Repression of Atherogenic Inflammation: Modulation by PPARdelta. Science (New York, NY), 302, 453-457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[24]
|
Risérus, U., Sprecher, D., Johnson, T., et al. (2008) Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)Delta Promotes Reversal of Multiple Metabolic Abnormalities, Reduces Oxidative Stress, and Increases Fatty Acid Oxidation in Moderately Obese Men. Diabetes, 57, 332-339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[25]
|
Tong, L., Wang, L., Yao, S., et al. (2019) PPARδ Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis through Autophagy-Mediated Fatty Acid Oxidation. Cell Death & Disease, 10, Article No. 197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[26]
|
Paternostro, R. and Trauner, M. (2022) Current Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of Internal Medicine, 292, 190-204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[27]
|
Kleemann, R., Gervois, P.P., Verschuren, L., et al. (2003) Fibrates Down-Regulate IL-1-Stimulated C-Reactive Protein Gene Expression in Hepatocytes by Reducing Nuclear P50-NFkappa B-C/EBP-Beta Complex Formation. Blood, 101, 545-551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[28]
|
Didonato, J.A., Mercurio, F. and Karin, M. (2012) NF-κB and the Link between Inflammation and Cancer. Immunological Reviews, 246, 379-400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[29]
|
Korbecki, J., BobiŃSki, R. and Dutka, M. (2019) Self-Regulation of the Inflammatory Response by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. Inflammation Research: Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society [et al], 68, 443-458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[30]
|
Yang, M., Wang, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2020) Functional Analysis of Epinephelus Coioides Peroxisome Proliferative-Activated Receptor α (PPARα): Involvement in Response to Viral Infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 102, 257-266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[31]
|
Gervois, P., Kleemann, R., Pilon, A., et al. (2004) Global Suppression of IL-6-Induced Acute Phase Response Gene Expression after Chronic in Vivo Treatment with the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha Activator Fenofibrate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 16154-16160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[32]
|
Toyama, T., Nakamura, H., Harano, Y., et al. (2004) PPARalpha Ligands Activate Antioxidant Enzymes and Suppress Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 324, 697-704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[33]
|
Pawlak, M., Baugé, E., Bourguet, W., et al. (2014) The Transrepressive Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Is Necessary and Sufficient to Prevent Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md), 60, 1593-1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[34]
|
Odegaard, J.I., Ricardo-Gonzalez, R.R., Goforth, M.H., et al. (2007) Macrophage-Specific PPARgamma Controls Alternative Activation and Improves Insulin Resistance. Nature, 447, 1116-1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[35]
|
Bouhlel, M.A., Derudas, B., Rigamonti, E., et al. (2007) PPARgamma Activation Primes Human Monocytes into Alternative M2 Macrophages with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Cell Metabolism, 6, 137-143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[36]
|
Nelson, V.L., Nguyen, H.C.B., Garcìa-Cañaveras, J.C., et al. (2018) PPARγ Is a Nexus Controlling Alternative Activation of Macrophages via Glutamine Metabolism. Genes & Development, 32, 1035-1044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[37]
|
Yunna, C., Mengru, H., Lei, W., et al. (2020) Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization. European Journal of Pharmacology, 877, Article ID: 173090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[38]
|
Delerive, P., Fruchart, J.C. and Staels, B. (2001) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Inflammation Control. The Journal of Endocrinology, 169, 453-459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[39]
|
Reuter, S., Gupta, S.C., Chaturvedi, M.M., et al. (2010) Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer: How Are They Linked? Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 49, 1603-1616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[40]
|
Lee, M.Y., Choi, R., Kim, H.M., et al. (2012) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Agonist Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis by Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 44, 578-585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[41]
|
Shan, W., Palkar, P.S., Murray, I.A., et al. (2008) Ligand Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta/Delta (PPARbeta/Delta) Attenuates Carbon Tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity by Downregulating Proinflammatory Gene Expression. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 105, 418-428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[42]
|
Parlati, L., Régnier, M., Guillou, H., et al. (2021) New Targets for NAFLD. JHEP Reports: Innovation in Hepatology, 3, Article ID: 100346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[43]
|
Nan, Y.M., Kong, L.B., Ren, W.G., et al. (2013) Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha Ameliorates Ethanol Mediated Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12, Article No. 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[44]
|
Trivedi, P., Wang, S. and Friedman, S.L. (2021) The Power of Plasticity-Metabolic Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Cell Metabolism, 33, 242-257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[45]
|
Li, X., Chen, Y., Wu, S., et al. (2015) MicroRNA-34a and MicroRNA-34c Promote the Activation of Human Hepatic Stellate Cells by Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ. Molecular Medicine Reports, 11, 1017-1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[46]
|
Lakshman, M.R., Reyes-Gordillo, K., Varatharajalu, R., et al. (2014) Novel Modulators of Hepatosteatosis, Inflammation and Fibrogenesis. Hepatology International, 8, 413-420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[47]
|
Königshofer, P., Brusilovskaya, K., Petrenko, O., et al. (2021) Nuclear Receptors in Liver Fibrosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, 1867, Article ID: 166235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[48]
|
Iwaisako, K., Haimerl, M., Paik, Y.H., et al. (2012) Protection from Liver Fibrosis by a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Agonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, E1369-E1376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[49]
|
Hellemans, K., Michalik, L., Dittie, A., et al. (2003) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Beta Signaling Contributes to Enhanced Proliferation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Gastroenterology, 124, 184-201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[50]
|
Reinke, H. and Asher, G. (2016) Circadian Clock Control of Liver Metabolic Functions. Gastroenterology, 150, 574-580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[51]
|
Patke, A., Young, M.W. and Axelrod, S. (2020) Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Importance of Circadian Rhythms. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 21, 67-84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[52]
|
Oh, H.Y.P., Visvalingam, V. and Wahli, W. (2019) The PPAR-Microbiota-Metabolic Organ Trilogy to Fine-Tune Physiology. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 33, 9706-9730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[53]
|
Duszka, K. and Wahli, W. (2020) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Molecular Links between Caloric Restriction and Circadian Rhythm. Nutrients, 12, Article No. 3476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[54]
|
Canaple, L., Rambaud, J., Dkhissi-Benyahya, O., et al. (2006) Reciprocal Regulation of Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like Protein 1 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Defines a Novel Positive Feedback Loop in the Rodent Liver Circadian Clock. Molecular Endocrinology, 20, 1715-1727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[55]
|
Gervois, P., Chopin-Delannoy, S., Fadel, A., et al. (1999) Fibrates Increase Human REV-ERBα Expression in Liver via a Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Response Element. Molecular Endocrinology, 13, 400-409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[56]
|
Schmutz, I., Ripperger, J.A., Baeriswyl-Aebischer, S., et al. (2010) The Mammalian Clock Component PERIOD2 Coordinates Circadian Output by Interaction with Nuclear Receptors. Genes & Development, 24, 345-357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[57]
|
Chua, E.C.-P., Shui, G., Lee, I.T.-G., et al. (2013) Extensive Diversity in Circadian Regulation of Plasma Lipids and Evidence for Different Circadian Metabolic Phenotypes in Humans, 110, 14468-14473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[58]
|
Shimba, S., Ishii, N., Ohta, Y., et al. (2005) Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like Protein-1 (BMAL1): A Component of the Molecular Clock, Regulates Adipogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 12071-12076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[59]
|
Mazzoccoli, G., Vinciguerra, M., Oben, J., et al. (2014) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of Nuclear Receptors and Circadian Rhythmicity. Liver International: Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 34, 1133-1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[60]
|
Zvonic, S., Ptitsyn, A.A., Conrad, S.A., et al. (2006) Characterization of Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Adipose Tissues. Diabetes, 55, 962-970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[61]
|
Wang, Y.X., Zhang, C.L., Yu, R.T., et al. (2004) Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARdelta. PLOS Biology, 2, E294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[62]
|
Gatfield, D., Le Martelot, G., Vejnar, C.E., et al. (2009) Integration of MicroRNA MiR-122 in Hepatic Circadian Gene Expression. Genes & Development, 23, 1313-1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[63]
|
Jordan, S.D., Kriebs, A., Vaughan, M., et al. (2017) CRY1/2 Selectively Repress PPARδ and Limit Exercise Capacity. Cell Metabolism, 26, 243-255.E6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[64]
|
Challet, E., Denis, I., Rochet, V., et al. (2013) The Role of PPARβ/δ in the Regulation of Glutamatergic Signaling in the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS, 70, 2003-2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[65]
|
Wang, N., Yang, G., Jia, Z., et al. (2008) Vascular PPARgamma Controls Circadian Variation in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate through Bmal1. Cell Metabolism, 8, 482-491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[66]
|
Fontaine, C., Dubois, G., Duguay, Y., et al. (2003) The Orphan Nuclear Receptor Rev-Erbalpha Is a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Gamma Target Gene and Promotes PPARgamma-Induced Adipocyte Differentiation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 37672-37680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[67]
|
Liu, C., Li, S., Liu, T., et al. (2007) Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1alpha Integrates the Mammalian Clock and Energy Metabolism. Nature, 447, 477-481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[68]
|
Wang, S., Lin, Y., Gao, L., et al. (2022) PPAR-γ Integrates Obesity and Adipocyte Clock through Epigenetic Regulation of Bmal1. Theranostics, 12, 1589-1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[69]
|
Kawai, M. and Rosen, C.J. (2010) PPARγ: A Circadian Transcription Factor in Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 6, 629-636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[70]
|
Schwabe, R.F., Tabas, I. and Pajvani, U.B. (2020) Mechanisms of Fibrosis Development in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology, 158, 1913-1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[71]
|
Sun, X. and Harris, E.N. (2020) New Aspects of Hepatic Endothelial Cells in Physiology and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology, 318, C1200-C1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[72]
|
Guixé-Muntet, S., Biquard, L., Szabo, G., et al. (2022) Review Article: Vascular Effects of PPARs in the Context of NASH. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 56, 209-223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[73]
|
Beyer, A.M., De Lange, W.J., Halabi, C.M., et al. (2008) Endothelium-Specific Interference with Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Causes Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction in Response to a High-Fat Diet. Circulation Research, 103, 654-661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[74]
|
Tao, L., Liu, H.R., Gao, E., et al. (2003) Antioxidative, Antinitrative, and Vasculoprotective Effects of a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Agonist in Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation, 108, 2805-2811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[75]
|
Boyer-Diaz, Z., Aristu-Zabalza, P., Andrés-Rozas, M., et al. (2021) Pan-PPAR Agonist Lanifibranor Improves Portal Hypertension and Hepatic Fibrosis in Experimental Advanced Chronic Liver Disease. Journal of Hepatology, 74, 1188-1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|