免疫检查点抑制剂在治疗肺癌中的疗效预测标志物
The Predictive Biomarkers of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1451686, PDF,   
作者: 贾轩超, 曹冉华*：内蒙古医科大学附属医院肿瘤内科，内蒙古 呼和浩特
关键词: 免疫检查点；抑制剂；治疗肺癌；Immune Checkpoint； Inhibitors； Treating Lung Cancer
摘要: 免疫检查点阻断的巨大进步导致了肺癌患者治疗局面的转变。免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)治疗，无论是单药疗还是联合治疗，都已被确立为无EGFR/ALK改变或广泛期小细胞肺癌的局部晚期/转移性非小细胞肺癌患者的标准治疗。越来越多的临床试验也在进行中，以进一步研究ICIs在早期肺癌患者中作为新辅助或辅助治疗的作用。尽管ICI在肺癌治疗中取得了有希望的进步，但这种疗法仅对15%至25%的肺癌患者有效。因此，鉴定能有效预测ICIs疗效的生物标志物至关重要。目前PD-L1表达和肿瘤突变负荷已被广泛研究用于患者选择，但这两种生物标志物都不完善。淋巴细胞亚群、细胞因子相辅相成，在免疫反应中发挥了重要作用，二者中部分指标已被认为具有预测ICI疗效的可能。本篇我们针对肺癌ICI治疗潜在的生物标志物，以及淋巴细胞亚群与细胞因子的相关性进行综述。
Abstract: The significant progress in immune checkpoint blockade has led to a transformation in the treatment of lung cancer patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy, whether monotherapy or combination therapy, has been established as the standard treatment for locally advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients without EGFR/ALK changes or extensive stage small cell lung cancer. An increasing number of clinical trials are also underway to further investigate the role of ICIs as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy in early lung cancer patients. Although ICI has made promising progress in the treatment of lung cancer, this therapy is only effective for 15% to 25% of lung cancer patients. Therefore, identifying biomarkers that can effectively predict the efficacy of ICIs is crucial. At present, PD-L1 expression and tumor mutation burden have been widely studied for patient selection, but neither of these biomarkers is complete. Lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokines complement each other and play an important role in immune responses. Some indicators of these two have been considered to have the potential to predict the efficacy of ICI. In this article, we provide a review of potential biomarkers for ICI treatment of lung cancer, as well as the correlation between lymphocyte subsets and cytokines.
文章引用：贾轩超, 曹冉华. 免疫检查点抑制剂在治疗肺癌中的疗效预测标志物[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(5): 2302-2310. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1451686

参考文献

[1] Peters, S., Creelan, B., Hellmann, M.D., et al. (2017) Abstract CT082: Impact of Tumor Mutation Burden on the Efficacy of First-Line Nivolumab in Stage IV or Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Exploratory Analysis of CheckMate 026. Cancer Research, 77, CT082-CT082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[2] Gandara, D.R., Paul, S.M., Kowanetz, M., Schleifman, E., Zou, W., Li, Y., Rittmeyer, A., Fehrenbacher, L., Otto, G., Malboeuf, C., Lieber, D.S., Lipson, D., Silterra, J., Amler, L., Riehl, T., Cummings, C.A., Hegde, P.S., Sandler, A., Ballinger, M., Fabrizio, D., Mok, T. and Shames, D.S. (2018) Blood-Based Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictor of Clinical Benefit in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Atezolizumab. Nature Medicine, 24, 1441-1448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Hellmann, M.D., Ciuleanu, T.E., Pluzanski, A., Lee, J.S., Otterson, G.A., Audigier-Valette, C., Minenza, E., Linardou, H., Burgers, S., Salman, P., Borghaei, H., Ramalingam, S.S., Brahmer, J., Reck, M., O’Byrne, K.J., Geese, W.J., Green, G., Chang, H., Szustakowski, J., Bhagavatheeswaran, P., Healey, D., Fu, Y., Nathan, F. and Paz-Ares, L. (2018) Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 2093-2104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] Ricciuti, B., Kravets, S., Dahlberg, S.E., Umeton, R., Albayrak, A., Subegdjo, S.J., Johnson, B.E., Nishino, M., Sholl, L.M. and Awad, M.M. (2019) Use of Targeted Next Generation Sequencing to Characterize Tumor Mutational Burden and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Small Cell Lung Cancer. The Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 7, Article No. 87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Hellmann, M.D., Callahan, M.K., Awad, M.M., Calvo, E., Ascierto, P.A., Atmaca, A., Rizvi, N.A., Hirsch, F.R., Selvaggi, G., Szustakowski, J.D., Sasson, A., Golhar, R., Vitazka, P., Chang, H., Geese, W.J. and Antonia, S.J. (2018) Tumor Mutational Burden and Efficacy of Nivolumab Monotherapy and in Combination with Ipilimumab in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Cell, 33, 853-861.E4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Wang, Z., Duan, J., Cai, S., Han, M., Dong, H., Zhao, J., Zhu, B., Wang, S., Zhuo, M., Sun, J., Wang, Q., Bai, H., Han, J., Tian, Y., Lu, J., Xu, T., Zhao, X., Wang, G., Cao, X., Li, F., Wang, D., Chen, Y., Bai, Y., Zhao, J., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., Xiong, L., He, J., Gao, S. and Wang, J. (2019) Assessment of Blood Tumor Mutational Burden as a Potential Biomarker for Immunotherapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Use of a Next-Generation Sequencing Cancer Gene Panel. JAMA Oncology, 5, 696-702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Chan, T.A., Yarchoan, M., Jaffee, E., Swanton, C., Quezada, S.A., Stenzinger, A. and Peters, S. (2019) Development of Tumor Mutation Burden as an Immunotherapy Biomarker: Utility for the Oncology Clinic. Annals of Oncology, 30, 44-56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Langer, C.J., Gadgeel, S.M., Borghaei, H., Papadimitrakopoulou, V.A., Patnaik, A., Powell, S.F., Gentzler, R.D., Martins, R.G., Stevenson, J.P., Jalal, S.I., Panwalkar, A., Yang, J.C., Gubens, M., Sequist, L.V., Awad, M.M., Fiore, J., Ge, Y., Raftopoulos, H., Gandhi, L. and KEYNOTE-021 Investigators (2016) Carboplatin and Pemetrexed with or without Pembrolizumab for Advanced, Non-Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomised, Phase 2 Cohort of the Open-Label KEYNOTE-021 Study. The Lancet Oncology, 17, 1497-1508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[9] Horinouchi, H., Nogami, N., Saka, H., Nishio, M., Tokito, T., Takahashi, T., Kasahara, K., Hattori, Y., Ichihara, E., Adachi, N., Noguchi, K., Souza, F. and Kurata, T. (2021) Pembrolizumab plus Pemetrexed-Platinum for Metastatic Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: KEYNOTE-189 Japan Study. Cancer Science, 112, 3255-3265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Łuksza, M., Riaz, N., Makarov, V., Balachandran, V.P., Hellmann, M.D., Solovyov, A., Rizvi, N.A., Merghoub, T., Levine, A.J., Chan, T.A., Wolchok, J.D. and Greenbaum, B.D. (2017) A Neoantigen Fitness Model Predicts Tumour Response to Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Nature, 551, 517-520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Melosky, B., Chu, Q., Juergens, R.A., Leighl, N., Ionescu, D., Tsao, M.S., McLeod, D. and Hirsh, V. (2018) Breaking the Biomarker Code: PD-L1 Expression and Checkpoint Inhibition in Advanced NSCLC. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 65, 65-77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Landre, T., Des Guetz, G., Chouahnia, K., Taleb, C., Vergnenègre, A. and Chouaïd, C. (2020) First-Line PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone for Negative or  < 1% PD-L1-Expressing Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 146, 441-448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Gandhi, L., Rodríguez-Abreu, D., Gadgeel, S., Esteban, E., Felip, E., De Angelis, F., Domine, M., Clingan, P., Hochmair, M.J., Powell, S.F., Cheng, S.Y., Bischoff, H.G., Peled, N., Grossi, F., Jennens, R.R., Reck, M., Hui, R., Garon, E.B., Boyer, M., Rubio-Viqueira, B., Novello, S., Kurata, T., Gray, J.E., Vida, J., Wei, Z., Yang, J., Raftopoulos, H., Pietanza, M.C., Garassino, M.C. and KEYNOTE-189 Investigators (2018) Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378, 2078-2092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Paz-Ares, L., Luft, A., Vicente, D., Tafreshi, A., Gümüş, M., Mazières, J., Hermes, B., Çay Şenler, F., Csőszi, T., Fülöp, A., Rodríguez-Cid, J., Wilson, J., Sugawara, S., Kato, T., Lee, K.H., Cheng, Y., Novello, S., Halmos, B., Li, X., Lubiniecki, G.M., Piperdi, B., Kowalski, D.M. and KEYNOTE-407 Investigators (2018) Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy for Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2040-2051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Gadgeel, S.M., Pennell, N.A., Fidler, M.J., Halmos, B., Bonomi, P., Stevenson, J., Schneider, B., Sukari, A., Ventimiglia, J., Chen, W., Galasso, C., Wozniak, A., Boerner, J. and Kalemkerian, G.P. (2018) Phase II Study of Maintenance Pembrolizumab in Patients with Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13, 1393-1399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Ready, N., Farago, A.F., De Braud, F., Atmaca, A., Hellmann, M.D., Schneider, J.G., Spigel, D.R., Moreno, V., Chau, I., Hann, C.L., Eder, J.P., Steele, N.L., Pieters, A., Fairchild, J. and Antonia, S.J. (2019) Third-Line Nivolumab Monotherapy in Recurrent SCLC: CheckMate 032. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 14, 237-244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Ready, N.E., Ott, P.A., Hellmann, M.D., Zugazagoitia, J., Hann, C.L., De Braud, F., Antonia, S.J., Ascierto, P.A., Moreno, V., Atmaca, A., Salvagni, S., Taylor, M., Amin, A., Camidge, D.R., Horn, L., Calvo, E., Li, A., Lin, W.H., Callahan, M.K. and Spigel, D.R. (2020) Nivolumab Monotherapy and Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results from the CheckMate 032 Randomized Cohort. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 15, 426-435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Gaule, P., Smithy, J.W., Toki, M., Rehman, J., Patell-Socha, F., Cougot, D., Collin, P., Morrill, P., Neumeister, V. and Rimm, D.L. (2017) A Quantitative Comparison of Antibodies to Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1. JAMA Oncology, 3, 256-259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Hong, L., Negrao, M.V., Dibaj, S.S., Chen, R., Reuben, A., Bohac, J.M., Liu, X., Skoulidis, F., Gay, C.M., Cascone, T., Mitchell, K.G., Tran, H.T., Le, X., Byers, L.A., Sepesi, B., Altan, M., Elamin, Y.Y., Fossella, F.V., Kurie, J.M., Lu, C., Mott, F.E., Tsao, A.S., Rinsurongkawong, W., Lewis, J., Gibbons, D.L., Glisson, B.S., Blumenschein, G.R., Roarty, E.B., Futreal, P.A., Wistuba, I.I., Roth, J.A., Swisher, S.G., Papadimitrakopoulou, V.A., Heymach, J.V., Lee, J.J., Simon, G.R. and Zhang, J. (2020) Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Benefit from Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in NSCLC. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 15, 1449-1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Herbst, R.S., Baas, P., Perez-Gracia, J.L., Felip, E., Kim, D.W., Han, J.Y., Molina, J.R., Kim, J.H., Dubos Arvis, C., Ahn, M.J., Majem, M., Fidler, M.J., Surmont, V., De Castro, G., Garrido, M., Shentu, Y., Emancipator, K., Samkari, A., Jensen, E.H., Lubiniecki, G.M. and Garon, E.B. (2019) Use of Archival versus Newly Collected Tumor Samples for Assessing PD-L1 Expression and Overall Survival: An Updated Analysis of KEYNOTE-010 Trial. Annals of Oncology, 30, 281-289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Tsao, M.S., Kerr, K.M., Kockx, M., Beasley, M.B., Borczuk, A.C., Botling, J., Bubendorf, L., Chirieac, L., Chen, G., Chou, T.Y., Chung, J.H., Dacic, S., Lantuejoul, S., Mino-Kenudson, M., Moreira, A.L., Nicholson, A.G., Noguchi, M., Pelosi, G., Poleri, C., Russell, P.A., Sauter, J., Thunnissen, E., Wistuba, I., Yu, H., Wynes, M.W., Pintilie, M., Yatabe, Y. and Hirsch, F.R. (2018) PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Comparability Study in Real-Life Clinical Samples: Results of Blueprint Phase 2 Project. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13, 1302-1311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Uryvaev, A., Passhak, M., Hershkovits, D., Sabo, E. and Bar-Sela, G. (2018) The Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) as a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Anti-PD1 Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer or Metastatic Melanoma. Medical Oncology, 35, Article No. 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Niemeijer, A.N., Sahba, S., Smit, E.F., Lissenberg-Witte, B.I., De Langen, A.J. and Thunnissen, E. (2020) Association of Tumour and Stroma PD-1, PD-L1, CD3, CD4 and CD8 Expression with DCB and OS to Nivolumab Treatment in NSCLC Patients Pre-Treated with Chemotherapy. British Journal of Cancer, 123, 392-402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Nakazawa, N., Yokobori, T., Kaira, K., Turtoi, A., Baatar, S., Gombodorj, N., Handa, T., Tsukagoshi, M., Ubukata, Y., Kimura, A., Kogure, N., Ogata, K., Maeno, T., Sohda, M., Yajima, T., Shimizu, K., Mogi, A., Kuwano, H., Saeki, H. and Shirabe, K. (2020) High Stromal TGFBI in Lung Cancer and Intratumoral CD8-Positive T Cells Were Associated with Poor Prognosis and Therapeutic Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 27, 933-942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Thommen, D.S., Koelzer, V.H., Herzig, P., Roller, A., Trefny, M., Dimeloe, S., Kiialainen, A., Hanhart, J., Schill, C., Hess, C., Savic, Prince, S., Wiese, M., Lardinois, D., Ho, P.C., Klein, C., Karanikas, V., Mertz, K.D., Schumacher, T.N. and Zippelius, A. (2018) A Transcriptionally and Functionally Distinct PD-1 CD8 T Cell Pool with Predictive Potential in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with PD-1 Blockade. Nature Medicine, 24, 994-1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Cai, M.C., Zhao, X., Cao, M., Ma, P., Chen, M., Wu, J., Jia, C., He, C., Fu, Y., Tan, L., Xue, X., Yu, Z. and Zhuang, G. (2020) T-Cell Exhaustion Interrelates with Immune Cytolytic Activity to Shape the Inflamed Tumor Microenvironment. The Journal of Pathology, 251, 147-159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Kim, H., Kwon, H.J., Han, Y.B., Park, S.Y., Kim, E.S., Kim, S.H., Kim, Y.J., Lee, J.S. and Chung, J.H. (2019) Increased CD3 T Cells with a Low FOXP3 /CD8 T Cell Ratio Can Predict Anti-PD-1 Therapeutic Response in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Modern Pathology, 32, 367-375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Sato, M., Watanabe, S., Tanaka, H., Nozaki, K., Arita, M., Takahashi, M., Shoji, S., Ichikawa, K., Kondo, R., Aoki, N., Hayashi, M., Ohshima, Y., Koya, T., Ohashi, R., Ajioka, Y. and Kikuchi, T. (2019) Retrospective Analysis of Antitumor Effects and Biomarkers for Nivolumab in NSCLC Patients with EGFR Mutations. PLOS ONE, 14, e0215292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Karasaki, T., Nagayama, K., Kuwano, H., Nitadori, J.I., Sato, M., Anraku, M., Hosoi, A., Matsushita, H., Morishita, Y., Kashiwabara, K., Takazawa, M., Ohara, O., Kakimi, K. and Nakajima, J. (2017) An Immunogram for the Cancer-Immunity Cycle: Towards Personalized Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 12, 791-803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Hardy-Werbin, M., Rocha, P., Arpi, O., et al. (2019) Serum Cytokine Levels as Predictive Biomarkers of Benefit from Ipilimumab in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncoimmunology, 8, e1593810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[31] 李兴, 马丽娜, 李迅, 等. PD-1抑制剂治疗晚期肺癌的疗效及对患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和细胞因子水平的影响[J]. 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志, 2021, 28(11): 1113-1118.
[32] Wu, L., Xie, S., Wang, L., et al. (2021) The Ratio of IP10 to IL-8 in Plasma Reflects and Predicts the Response of Patients with Lung Cancer to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined with Chemotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, Article ID: 665147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Boutsikou, E., Domvri, K., Hardavella, G., et al. (2018) Tumour Necrosis Factor, Interferon-Gamma and Interleukins as Predictive Markers of Antiprogrammed Cell-Death Protein-1 Treatment in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pragmatic Approach in Clinical Practice. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, 10, 1758835918768238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] 郑轩, 胡毅. 晚期非小细胞肺癌患者抗PD-1治疗前后血清TNF-α水平变化与疗效的关系[J]. 解放军医学院学报, 2019, 40(3): 231-234 55.
[35] 左秀萍, 高苗, 宋娟, 等. 非小细胞肺癌患者中Th17细胞及IL-17变化与淋巴结转移、不良预后的相关性分析[J]. 临床肺科杂志, 2021, 26(9): 1405-1410.
[36] 毛英, 刘黎, 张匠, 等. 非小细胞肺癌患者癌组织免疫微环境中Th1、Th2、Th17的表达水平及意义[J]. 临床误诊误治, 2021, 34(1): 77-82.
[37] 陈样, 勾红峰. 白介素-7与肿瘤关系的研究进展[J]. 实用医院临床杂志, 2016, 13(4): 212-214.
[38] 黄作平, 邹冰心, 谢强, 等. Th_1/Th_2类细胞因子在非小细胞肺癌中的作用探讨[J]. 中国现代医学杂志, 2006(13): 1948-1951.
[39] Wei, X., Gu, L. and Heng, W. (2021) T Lymphocytes Related Biomarkers for Predicting Immunotherapy Efficacy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncology Letters, 21, Article No. 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Manjarrez-Orduño, N., Menard, L.C., Kansal, S., et al. (2018) Circulating T Cell Subpopulations Correlate with Immune Responses at the Tumor Site and Clinical Response to PD1 Inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, Article No. 1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Dusselier, M., Deluche, E., Delacourt, N., Ballouhey, J., Egenod, T., Melloni, B., Vergnenègre, C., Veillon, R. and Vergnenègre, A. (2019) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Evolution Is an Independent Predictor of Early Progression of Second-Line Nivolumab-Treated Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers. PLOS ONE, 14, e0219060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Routy, B., Le Chatelier, E., Derosa, L., Duong, C.P.M., Alou, M.T., Daillère, R., Fluckiger, A., Messaoudene, M., Rauber, C., Roberti, M.P., Fidelle, M., Flament, C., Poirier-Colame, V., Opolon, P., Klein, C., Iribarren, K., Mondragón, L., Jacquelot, N., Qu, B., Ferrere, G., Clémenson, C., Mezquita, L., Masip, J.R., Naltet, C., Brosseau, S., Kaderbhai, C., Richard, C., Rizvi, H., Levenez, F., Galleron, N., Quinquis, B., Pons, N., Ryffel, B., Minard-Colin, V., Gonin, P., Soria, J.C., Deutsch, E., Loriot, Y., Ghiringhelli, F., Zalcman, G., Goldwasser, F., Escudier, B., Hellmann, M.D., Eggermont, A., Raoult, D., Albiges, L., Kroemer, G. and Zitvogel, L. (2018) Gut Microbiome Influences Efficacy of PD-1-Based Immunotherapy Against Epithelial Tumors. Science, 359, 91-97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Goldberg, S.B., Narayan, A., Kole, A.J., Decker, R.H., Teysir, J., Carriero, N.J., Lee, A., Nemati, R., Nath, S.K., Mane, S.M., Deng, Y., Sukumar, N., Zelterman, D., Boffa, D.J., Politi, K., Gettinger, S.N., Wilson, L.D., Herbst, R.S. and Patel, A.A. (2018) Early Assessment of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Response via Circulating Tumor DNA. Clinical Cancer Research, 24, 1872-1880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[44] Gettinger, S., Choi, J., Hastings, K., Truini, A., Datar, I., Sowell, R., Wurtz, A., Dong, W., Cai, G., Melnick, M.A., Du, V.Y., Schlessinger, J., Goldberg, S.B., Chiang, A., Sanmamed, M.F., Melero, I., Agorreta, J., Montuenga, L.M., Lifton, R., Ferrone, S., Kavathas, P., Rimm, D.L., Kaech, S.M., Schalper, K., Herbst, R.S. and Politi, K. (2017) Impaired HLA Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation as a Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lung Cancer. Cancer Discovery, 7, 1420-1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[45] Wu, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, S. and Xie, X. (2020) Predictive Value of Positron Emission Tomography for the Prognosis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in Malignant Tumors. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 69, 927-936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Kobayashi, M., Ikezoe, T., Uemura, Y., Ueno, H. and Taguchi, H. (2007) Long-Term Survival of a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer Associated with Cancer-Associated Retinopathy. Lung Cancer, 57, 399-403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

为你推荐