完善预防性环境民事公益诉讼中“重大风险”的认定路径

Improve the Identification Path of “Significant Risks” in Preventive Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation

摘要: 预防性环境民事公益诉讼是我国环境保护法律制度的一大创新，它体现了预防原则的理念，有利于实现对环境公共利益的保护。然而，预防性环境民事公益诉讼的核心要素“重大风险”的认定存在诸多困难和争议，特别是如何区分不同类型的环境风险，如何确定不同类型的环境风险是否具有重大风险。本文认为，环境污染风险和生态破坏风险是两种不同类型的环境风险，它们在风险的特征、影响和评估方法上有所差异，因此应该采用不同的认定路径。本文从实证分析的方法入手，分析实践中“重大风险”认定存在的问题，探讨了“重大风险”的认定标准，提出了完善预防性环境民事公益诉讼制度的建议，以期为我国环境保护法律制度的发展提供参考。

Abstract: Preventive environmental civil public interest litigation is a major innovation in China’s environmental protection legal system, which reflects the concept of the principle of prevention and is conducive to achieving the protection of environmental public interests. However, there are many difficulties and controversies in determining the core element of preventive environmental civil public interest litigation, namely “significant risks”, especially how to distinguish different types of environmental risks and determine whether different types of environmental risks have significant risks. This article believes that environmental pollution risk and ecological damage risk are two different types of environmental risks, which differ in their characteristics, impacts, and assessment methods. Therefore, different identification paths should be adopted. This article starts with empirical analysis methods, analyzes the problems in identifying “significant risks” in practice, explores the recognition criteria “significant risks”, and proposes suggestions for improving the preventive environmental civil public interest litigation system, in order to provide a reference for the development of China’s environmental protection legal system.