ENSO振幅不对称与赤道太平洋大气对流–海温非线性敏感性的关系研究
Investigation of the Relationship between ENSO Amplitude Asymmetry and the Nonlinear Sensitivity of Atmospheric Convection to Sea Surface Temperature in the Equatorial Pacific
DOI: 10.12677/ccrl.2024.134092, PDF,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 姜明宏*, 谢瑞煌#：中国海洋大学海洋与大气学院海洋气象学系，山东 青岛
关键词: ENSO振幅不对称；温跃层反馈；纬向平流反馈；风应力；大气对流–海温敏感性；ENSO Amplitude Asymmetry； Thermocline Feedback； Zonal Advective Feedback； Wind Stress； Convection-SST Sensitivity
摘要: ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation)冷暖位相的强度存在着明显的非对称性，即El Niño强于La Niña，前人的研究将其归因于海洋非线性动力加热。本文利用再分析资料比较了ENSO发展期线性动力加热的贡献，发现El Niño发展期内赤道中东太平洋混合层海流及温跃层深度对海面异常风应力的响应要强于La Niña发展期的响应强度，这导致纬向平流反馈以及温跃层反馈均对El Niño的发展产生更大的贡献。这种海洋动力响应的不对称源自于El Niño期间热带中太平洋的异常西风响应强于La Niña时期间的异常东风响应。研究还发现热带太平洋大气对流–海温的非线性敏感性是风场对ENSO冷暖位相海温产生非对称响应的诱因，即在赤道中东太平洋25.5℃~29℃的背景海温区间，海温升高导致的大气对流加强的幅度要强于等量的海温降低引发的对流减弱的幅度，因此El Niño能激发更强的异常西风。由此，本文揭示了海气耦合的不对称性在“海温→大气对流→海面风应力→海流、温跃层→海温”这一动力链条中的传递过程，为解释ENSO振幅不对称提供了动力逻辑上的依据。
Abstract: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits clear amplitude asymmetry, with El Niño being stronger than La Niña. Previous studies have attributed this to nonlinear oceanic dynamic heating. Using reanalysis data, this study compares the contributions of linear dynamic heating during the developing stages of El Niño. It is found that the responses of mixed layer currents and thermocline depth in the equatorial central-to-eastern Pacific to anomalous westerlies during El Niño is stronger than those to anomalous easterlies during La Niña, resulting in greater growth of El Niño contributed by zonal advection feedback and thermocline feedback. The asymmetric response of ocean dynamics arises from the stronger response of anomalous westerly to El Niño than the response of anomalous easterly to La Niña, which is originated from the nonlinear sensitivity of atmospheric convection to sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific. Within the SST range of 25.5˚C~ 29˚C, the enhancement of atmospheric convection triggered by SST warming is larger than the suppression of convection generated by SST cooling of equal magnitude. El Niño can therefore drive stronger anomalous westerly winds and oceanic dynamic heating. In summary, this study reveals the transmission of the asymmetry in the air-sea coupled dynamical chain, thereby providing an interpretation on ENSO amplitude asymmetry.
文章引用：姜明宏, 谢瑞煌. ENSO振幅不对称与赤道太平洋大气对流–海温非线性敏感性的关系研究[J]. 气候变化研究快报, 2024, 13(4): 802-814. https://doi.org/10.12677/ccrl.2024.134092

参考文献

[1] Philander, G. (1989) El Niño and La Niña. American Scientist, 77, 451-459.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27855934
[2] 于毅, 孟祥凤, 张磊, 赵杰臣. ENSO 循环的非对称性及其机制初步探讨[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2011, 30(4): 31-37.
[3] Bjerknes, J. (1969) Atmospheric Teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific. Monthly Weather Review, 97, 163-172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] Jin, F., An, S., Timmermann, A. and Zhao, J. (2003) Strong El Niño Events and Nonlinear Dynamical Heating. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 20-1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[5] An, S. and Jin, F. (2004) Nonlinearity and Asymmetry of Enso. Journal of Climate, 17, 2399-2412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] Su, J., Zhang, R., Li, T., Rong, X., Kug, J. and Hong, C. (2010) Causes of the El Niño and La Niña Amplitude Asymmetry in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific. Journal of Climate, 23, 605-617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[7] 宋迅殊. ENSO事件非对称性成因研究[J]. 海洋学研究, 2013, 31(1): 35-44.
[8] Hayashi, M. and Jin, F. (2017) Subsurface Nonlinear Dynamical Heating and ENSO Asymmetry. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 12,427-12,435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[9] Hayashi, M., Jin, F. and Stuecker, M.F. (2020) Dynamics for El Niño-La Niña Asymmetry Constrain Equatorial-Pacific Warming Pattern. Nature Communications, 11, Article No. 4230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] 李承勇, 孟祥凤, 谢瑞煌. PDO对ENSO非对称性的年代际调整及其机制[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2023, 42(4): 36-46.
[11] Chen, D., Lian, T., Fu, C., Cane, M.A., Tang, Y., Murtugudde, R., et al. (2015) Strong Influence of Westerly Wind Bursts on El Niño Diversity. Nature Geoscience, 8, 339-345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[12] Lengaigne, M., Boulanger, J.P., Menkes, C., Delecluse, P. and Slingo, J. (2004) Westerly Wind Events in the Tropical Pacific and Their Influence on the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System. Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophysical Monograph Series, 147, 49-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Eisenman, I., Yu, L. and Tziperman, E. (2005) Westerly Wind Bursts: Enso’s Tail Rather than the Dog? Journal of Climate, 18, 5224-5238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Vecchi, G.A., Wittenberg, A.T. and Rosati, A. (2006) Reassessing the Role of Stochastic Forcing in the 1997-1998 El Niño. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L01706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Puy, M., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M. and Guilyardi, E. (2015) Modulation of Equatorial Pacific Westerly/easterly Wind Events by the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Convectively-Coupled Rossby Waves. Climate Dynamics, 46, 2155-2178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[16] Lian, T., Chen, D., Tang, Y., Liu, X., Feng, J. and Zhou, L. (2018) Linkage between Westerly Wind Bursts and Tropical Cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 11,431-11,438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[17] Wang, Q., Li, J., Jin, F., Chan, J.C.L., Wang, C., Ding, R., et al. (2019) Tropical Cyclones Act to Intensify El Niño. Nature Communications, 10, Article No. 3793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] An, S. (2008) Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and Enso. Journal of Climate, 21, 3680-3686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] Guan, C., McPhaden, M.J., Wang, F. and Hu, S. (2019) Quantifying the Role of Oceanic Feedbacks on ENSO Asymmetry. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 2140-2148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] An, S. and Kim, J. (2017) Role of Nonlinear Ocean Dynamic Response to Wind on the Asymmetrical Transition of El Niño and La Niña. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 393-400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Im, S., An, S., Kim, S.T. and Jin, F. (2015) Feedback Processes Responsible for El Niño‐La Niña Amplitude Asymmetry. Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 5556-5563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[22] Geng, T., Cai, W., Wu, L. and Yang, Y. (2019) Atmospheric Convection Dominates Genesis of ENSO Asymmetry. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 8387-8396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[23] Kang, I. and Kug, J. (2002) El Niño and La Niña Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies: Asymmetry Characteristics Associated with Their Wind Stress Anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 107, ACL 1-1-ACL 1-10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] An, S., Tziperman, E., Okumura, Y.M. and Li, T. (2020) ENSO Irregularity and Asymmetry. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate, Geophysical Monograph Series, 153-172.
[25] Gill, A.E. (1980) Some Simple Solutions for Heat‐induced Tropical Circulation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106, 447-462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[26] Xie, R., Mu, M. and Fang, X. (2020) New Indices for Better Understanding ENSO by Incorporating Convection Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 33, 7045-7061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[27] Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S. and Thépaut, J.N. (2017) Complete ERA5 from 1940: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Data Store (CDS).
[28] Zuo, H., Balmaseda, M.A., Boisseson, E.D., Hirahara, S., Chrust, M. and Rosnay, P.D. (2017) A Generic Ensemble Generation Scheme for Data Assimilation and Ocean Analysis. ECMWF. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[29] Carton, J.A., Chepurin, G., Cao, X. and Giese, B. (2000) A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Analysis of the Global Upper Ocean 1950-95. Part I: Methodology. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30, 294-309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[30] Jin, F., Kim, S.T. and Bejarano, L. (2006) A Coupled‐Stability Index for ENSO. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L23708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[31] Ren, H. and Jin, F. (2013) Recharge Oscillator Mechanisms in Two Types of ENSO. Journal of Climate, 26, 6506-6523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[32] Zebiak, S.E. and Cane, M.A. (1987) A Model El Niñ-Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review, 115, 2262-2278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[33] Lau, K., Wu, H. and Bony, S. (1997) The Role of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in the Relationship between Tropical Convection and Sea Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 10, 381-392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[34] Sabin, T.P., Babu, C.A. and Joseph, P.V. (2012) SST-Convection Relation over Tropical Oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 33, 1424-1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 

为你推荐