古迹遗址资源保护中非政府组织的治理机制分析——以ICOMOS为例

Analysis of Governance Mechanism of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Protection of Monuments and Sites Resources—Taking ICOMOS as an Example

摘要: 当前，全球气候问题日益严峻，已经影响了古迹遗址的健康生存；社会经济发展对古迹遗址的保护也产生了负面影响，经济高速发展对古迹遗址造成不可逆转的破坏，经济较为落后的国家的遗址保护又有着资金不足、技术水平低等问题。除国家行为体外，国际非政府组织在全球遗址资源保护中也发挥着重要作用。本文将国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)选取为案例对象，利用文献研究法与案例分析法，总结出其在治理的过程中构建了多层次施力、多主体关切和多角度关注的一套治理机制，但在现存机制也存在着资源投入不足、专业建议缺乏强制力、跨文化理解困难等不足，这主要涉及到国际非政府组织(NGO)内部理事会的治理机制以及外部独立性的问题。在内部完善以理事会为中心的内部治理结构，在外部强化更利于NGO的独立性建设的机制，可以缓解治理赤字，促进古迹遗址可持续发展。

Abstract: At present, the global climate problem is becoming more and more serious, which has affected the healthy survival of monuments and sites. At the same time, social and economic development also has a negative impact on the protection of monuments and sites. The rapid economic development has caused irreversible damage to monuments and sites, and the protection of sites in economically backward countries has insufficient funds and a low technical level, which is more difficult. In addition to national actors, international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also play an important role in the global conservation of heritage resources. This paper selects the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) as the case object, uses the literature research method and case analysis method, and summarizes that ICOMOS has built a set of governance mechanisms with multi-level efforts, multi-subject concerns and multi-angle concerns in the process of governance. However, there are still shortcomings in the existing mechanisms, such as insufficient resource allocation, lack of enforceability of professional advice, and difficulties in cross-cultural understanding. These shortcomings mainly involve the governance mechanisms of the internal boards of international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and issues of external independence. By improving the internal governance structure centered around the board of directors and strengthening mechanisms that are more conducive to the independence of NGOs externally, governance deficiencies can be alleviated, and sustainable development of monuments and sites can be promoted.