青春期前男性乳腺发育症病因及影响因素研究进展
The Causes and Influencing Factors of Prepubertal Gynecomastia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1472085, PDF,   
作者: 赵 帅：宁夏医科大学第一临床学院，宁夏 银川；梁丽俊*：宁夏医科大学总医院儿科，宁夏 银川
关键词: 青春期前；男性乳腺发育症；病因；影响因素；Prepubertal； Gynecomastia； Causes； Influence Factor
摘要: 青少年时期发生的男性乳腺发育症往往被认为是生理性或特发性表现，未受到足够的重视。实际上青春期前男性乳腺发育症在很多情况下有明确的基础病因，但由于往往被认为是生理性或特发性表现延迟诊断延误病情，造成儿童不可逆的生长发育障碍和严重心理问题。因此，本文综述了国内外的相关研究，探讨青春期前男性乳腺发育症不同病因的特征和可能影响青春期男性乳房发育的因素，希望引起儿科医生的重视，并联合多学科多领域协作，共同促进儿童健康成长。
Abstract: Gynecomastia in adolescence is often considered to be physiological or idiopathic and has not received enough attention. In fact, in many cases, prepubertal gynecomastia has a clear cause. However, due to often being considered to be physiological or idiopathic, it causes delayed diagnosis and delayed disease, resulting in irreversible growth and development disorders and serious psychological problems in children. Therefore, this article reviews the domestic and foreign research, discusses the characteristics of different causes of prepubertal gynecomastia and the influencing factors that may affect pubertal gynecomastia, hoping to attract the attention of pediatricians and to join forces with other disciplines to jointly promote the healthy growth of children.
文章引用：赵帅, 梁丽俊. 青春期前男性乳腺发育症病因及影响因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(7): 825-832. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1472085

参考文献

[1] Kanakis, G.A., Nordkap, L., Bang, A.K., Calogero, A.E., Bártfai, G., Corona, G., et al. (2019) EAA Clinical Practice Guidelines—Gynecomastia Evaluation and Management. Andrology, 7, 778-793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Laimon, W., El-Hawary, A., Aboelenin, H., Elzohiri, M., Abdelmaksoud, S., Megahed, N., et al. (2020) Prepubertal Gynecomastia Is Not Always Idiopathic: Case Series and Review of the Literature. European Journal of Pediatrics, 180, 977-982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Demirbilek, H., Bacak, G., Baran, R.T., Avcı, Y., Baran, A., Keleş, A., et al. (2014) Prepubertal Unilateral Gynecomastia: Report of 2 Cases. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 6, 250-253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Ferraro, G.A., De Francesco, F., Romano, T., Grandone, A., D’Andrea, F., Miraglia Del Giudice, E., et al. (2014) Clinical and Surgical Management of Unilateral Prepubertal Gynecomastia. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 5, 1158-1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Khan, N.A.J. and Tirona, M. (2021) An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Management of Male Breast Cancer. Medical Oncology, 38, Article No. 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Todorova, Z.P., Stefanova, E.M. and Todorov, I.P. (2021) Causes and Psychological Impact of Gynecomastia in Boys and Adolescents. Endokrynologia Polska, 72, 670-671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Arslan, S.C., Esin, I.S., Cayır, A., Orbak, Z. and Dursun, O.B. (2021) The Relationship between Psychopathology, Self-Esteem, Body Perception and Serum Sex Steroids in Pubertal Gynecomastia. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 19, 498-506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Giglio, M., Medica, M., de Rose, A.F., Germinale, F., Ravetti, J.L. and Carmignani, G. (2003) Testicular Sertoli Cell Tumours and Relative Sub-Types. Urologia Internationalis, 70, 205-210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Shozu, M., Fukami, M. and Ogata, T. (2014) Understanding the Pathological Manifestations of Aromatase Excess Syndrome: Lessons for Clinical Diagnosis. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 9, 397-409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Sengupta, S. and Bose, S. (2019) Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 472-472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Kamilaris, C., Faucz, F., Voutetakis, A. and Stratakis, C. (2018) Carney Complex. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 127, 156-164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Thomas, J.C., Ross, J.H. and Kay, R. (2001) Stromal Testis Tumors in Children: A Report from the Prepubertal Testis Tumor Registry. Journal of Urology, 166, 2338-2340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Tuhan, H., Abaci, A., Sarsık, B., Öztürk, T., Olguner, M., Catli, G., et al. (2016) Intratubular Large Cell Hyalinizing Sertoli Cell Tumor of the Testis Presenting with Prepubertal Gynecomastia: A Case Report. Acta Clinica Belgica, 72, 254-258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Dursun, F., Su Dur, Ş.M., Şahin, C., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Karabulut, M.H. and Yörük, A. (2015) A Rare Cause of Prepubertal Gynecomastia: Sertoli Cell Tumor. Case Reports in Pediatrics, 2015, Article ID: 439239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Armijo, B., Bocklage, T. and Heideman, R. (2015) Intratubular Large Cell Hyalinizing Sertoli Cell Tumor of the Testes in a 4-Year-Old Male with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 37, e184-e187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Izawa, M., Hisamatsu, E., Yoshino, K., Yoshida, M., Sato, T., Narumi, S., et al. (2021) Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome with Accelerated Onset of Puberty Due to a Sertoli Cell Tumor. Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, 30, 99-104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Bojesen, A., Juul, S. and Gravholt, C.H. (2003) Prenatal and Postnatal Prevalence of Klinefelter Syndrome: A National Registry Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88, 622-626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Kanakis, G.A. and Nieschlag, E. (2018) Klinefelter Syndrome: More than Hypogonadism. Metabolism, 86, 135-144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Narula, H.S. and Carlson, H.E. (2007) Gynecomastia. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 36, 497-519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Celebi Bitkin, E., Aymelek, H.S. and Karaman, S. (2021) Evaluation of Pubertal and Pathological Gynaecomastia in Children: A Single-Center Experience. Andrologia, 53, e13992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Stratakis, C.A. (1998) The Aromatase Excess Syndrome Is Associated with Feminization of Both Sexes and Autosomal Dominant Transmission of Aberrant P450 Aromatase Gene Transcription. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83, 1348-1357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Binder, G., Nakamura, A., Schweizer, R., Ogata, T., Fukami, M. and Nagasaki, K. (2021) Long-Term Effect of Aromatase Inhibition in Aromatase Excess Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106, 1491-1500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Metwalley, K. and Farghaly, H. (2013) Aromatase Excess Syndrome Presenting with Prepubertal Gynecomastia in an Egyptian Child with Type 1 Neurofibromatosis. Indian Journal of Human Genetics, 19, 472-474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Tan, X., Wu, X., Chen, J., Wu, Y., Li, S., Chen, X., et al. (2019) Aromatase Excess Syndrome in a Chinese Boy Due to a Novel Duplication at 15q21.2. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 32, 85-88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Friedrich, R.E., Hagel, C. and Mautner, V.F. (2015) Unilateral Gynecomastia in a 16-Month-Old Boy with Neurofibromatosis Type 1—Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. GMS Interdisciplinary Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery DGPW, 4, Doc11.
[26] 张爱玲, 秦贵军, 孟海阳, 等. 药源性男性乳腺发育症研究进展[J]. 药物不良反应杂志, 2015, 17(5): 357-360.
[27] He, B., Carleton, B. and Etminan, M. (2019) Risk of Gynecomastia with Users of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 39, 614-618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Benitez, L.L. and Carver, P.L. (2019) Adverse Effects Associated with Long-Term Administration of Azole Antifungal Agents. Drugs, 79, 833-853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Trinchieri, A., Perletti, G., Magri, V., Stamatiou, K., Trinchieri, M. and Montanari, E. (2021) Drug-Induced Gynecomastia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia, 93, 489-496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Fang, Q., Chen, P., Du, N. and Nandakumar, K.S. (2019) Analysis of Data from Breast Diseases Treated with 5-α Reductase Inhibitors for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Clinical Breast Cancer, 19, e624-e636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Goenka, L., Padmanaban, R. and George, M. (2019) The Ascent of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Nephropathy. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 14, 78-83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Skeldon, S.C., Carleton, B., Brophy, J.M., Sodhi, M. and Etminan, M. (2018) Statin Medications and the Risk of Gynecomastia. Clinical Endocrinology, 89, 470-473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Poon, S.W.Y., Siu, K.K. and Tsang, A.M.C. (2020) Isoniazid-Induced Gynaecomastia: Report of a Paediatric Case and Review of Literature. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 20, Article No. 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Tanos, T., Rojo, L.J., Echeverria, P. and Brisken, C. (2012) ER and PR Signaling Nodes during Mammary Gland Development. Breast Cancer Research, 14, Article No. 210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Kasielska-Trojan, A., Danilewicz, M. and Antoszewski, B. (2019) The Role of Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Idiopathic Gynecomastia Etiology. The Breast Journal, 25, 331-333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Wang, C., Yu, N., Zhu, L. and Zeng, A. (2019) Idiopathic Prepubertal Unilateral Gynecomastia: Case Report and Literature Review. Medicine, 98, e17374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] De Pinho, J.C., Aghajanova, L. and Herndon, C.N. (2016) Prepubertal Gynecomastia Due to Indirect Exposure to Nonformulary Bioidentical Hormonal Replacement Therapy: A Case Report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 61, 73-77.
[38] Rivera, N.F., Eisenstein, E. and Cardoso, C.B.M.A. (2009) [The Relation between Pubertal Gynecomastia and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Adolescents Attended at the Outpatient Health Unit of a University Hospital]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, 53, 435-439.
[39] 韩景健, 晏文华. 男性乳腺发育症的病因及发病机制研究进展[J]. 中国美容整形外科杂志, 2020, 31(2): 89-91.
[40] Wang, Y., Zhao, L., Gao, L., Pan, A. and Xue, H. (2021) Health Policy and Public Health Implications of Obesity in China. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 9, 446-461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] de Groot, A.C. and Schmidt, E. (2016) Essential Oils, Part I: Introduction. Dermatitis, 27, 39-42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Zoeller, R.T., Brown, T.R., Doan, L.L., Gore, A.C., Skakkebaek, N.E., Soto, A.M., et al. (2012) Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Public Health Protection: A Statement of Principles from the Endocrine Society. Endocrinology, 153, 4097-4110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Hawkins, J., Hires, C., Dunne, E. and Keenan, L. (2022) Prevalence of Endocrine Disorders among Children Exposed to Lavender Essential Oil and Tea Tree Essential Oils. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 9, 117-124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Ramsey, J.T., Li, Y., Arao, Y., Naidu, A., Coons, L.A., Diaz, A., et al. (2019) Lavender Products Associated with Premature Thelarche and Prepubertal Gynecomastia: Case Reports and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Activities. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104, 5393-5405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Diaz, A., Luque, L., Badar, Z., Kornic, S. and Danon, M. (2016) Prepubertal Gynecomastia and Chronic Lavender Exposure: Report of Three Cases. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 29, 103-107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Hawkins, J., Hires, C., Dunne, E. and Baker, C. (2020) The Relationship between Lavender and Tea Tree Essential Oils and Pediatric Endocrine Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 49, Article ID: 102288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Pellegrin, M.C., Naviglio, S., Cattaruzzi, E., Barbi, E. and Ventura, A. (2017) A Teenager with Sudden Unilateral Breast Enlargement. The Journal of Pediatrics, 182, 394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

为你推荐