基于话语礼貌理论的中日亲属称呼对比研究——以姐妹间的称呼为例

A Comparative Study of Kinship Address Terms in Chinese and Japanese Based on Discourse Politeness Theory—Taking Address Terms between Sisters as an Example

摘要: 本文首先对比非亲属交际背景下中日姐妹间亲属称呼语在已知或未知对象姓名情况下的使用异同，总结出中国人倾向通过对方与自己的年龄差来作具体判断，而日本人倾向于通过代入对方的家庭中最年少者的立场来使用亲属称呼。其次结合宇佐美まゆみ(2001)提出的话语礼貌理论对中日亲属称呼的礼貌效果进行考察分析。汉语中，由于亲属称呼广泛用于陌生人的非亲属交际中，是否已知姓名反映了不同的礼貌效果，根据语境不同，存在中立或正效果。而日语对话中亲属称呼的礼貌效果受是否已知姓名的限制更小，具有积极的正效果，在一定程度上推动会话顺畅持续。

Abstract: This paper firstly compares the similarities and differences in the use of kinship of sisters address between Chinese and Japanese in non-kinship communication when the name of the target is known or unknown. The result is that Chinese tend to make specific judgments through the age difference between the other person and themselves, while Japanese tend to use kinship address by substituting for the stance of the youngest person in the other’s family. Secondly, the paper analyzes the politeness effects of two languages based on the discourse politeness theory proposed by Mayumi Usami (2001). In Chinese, since kinship address is widely used in non-relative communication with strangers, whether the name is known or not reflects different politeness effects, which bring neutral or plus effect depending on the context. Compared with Chinese, Japanese conversations are less restricted by whether the name is known or not, and have a plus effect which contributes to the smooth continuation of the conversation to a certain extent.