关于马克思人本主义以及异化问题的再思考——以弗洛姆和张一兵之间的理路互动出发

Rethinking Marxist Humanism and the Issue of Alienation—Starting from the Theoretical Interaction between Fromm and Zhang Yibing

摘要: 弗洛姆依据马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》并撰写《马克思关于人的概念》一书，欲确立起只有一个人本主义的马克思，建立一种人本主义的道统论而宣布一切西方近代思想都是人本主义。张一兵则通过马克思后期著作《德意志意识形态》等书与《1844年经济学哲学手稿》存在的明显异质性来说明后期马克思的历史唯物主义转向。本文围绕弗洛姆“解蔽——重构——异化扩大化”论证一个人本主义的马克思的思路与张一兵反对将马克思重新人本主义化的态度这两种观点出发，在肯定张一兵对于“一个人本主义的马克思”的批判之外，也肯定弗洛姆关于新异化的价值，即从社会心理和精神分析出发为我们提供了解读当代社会出现的新的异化现象的微观视域。

Abstract: Erich Fromm wrote the book “Marx’s Concept of Man” based on Marx’s “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844”. He wanted to establish that there was only one humanistic Marx, establish a humanistic orthodoxy and declare that all Western modern thinking is all about humanism. Zhang Yibing explained Marx’s historical materialist turn in the later period through the obvious heterogeneity in Marx’s later works, such as “The German Ideology” and “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844”. This article starts from two viewpoints, focusing on Fromm’s “deconcealing—reconstructing—alienation expansion” logical argument for a humanistic Marx and Zhang Yibing’s opposition to re-humanizing Marx. In addition to affirming Zhang Yibing’s criticism of “a humanistic Marx”, this article also affirms Fromm’s value of new alienation. This value refers to providing us with a microscopic perspective to interpret the new alienation phenomena emerging in contemporary society from the perspective of social psychology and psychoanalysis.