儿童血源性骨髓炎的抗生素选择、给药途径及持续时间
Antibiotic Selection, Route of Administration, and Duration in Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1472160, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 王 虎, 付琮霄, 王 晗:西安医学院,陕西 西安;高 豪, 张云飞*:空军军医大学唐都医院骨科,陕西 西安
关键词: 儿童骨髓炎抗生素静脉口服疗程Children Osteomyelitis Antibiotics Intravenous Oral Administration Course of Treatment
摘要: 目的:针对儿童血源性骨髓炎(hematogenous osteomyelitis, HO),最佳治疗方案仍然存在争议,包括抗生素的给药途径、使用疗程和种类选择,本研究将针对上述问题展开系统综述,为儿童血源性骨髓炎的抗生素应用提供建议。方法:对2013~2023年的随机对照试验、队列研究和病例对照研究进行系统综述。结果:我们纳入了18篇文献包括4项随机对照试验,6项队列研究、8项观察性研究;其中4项涉及抗生素使用时间,7项涉及抗生素的应用途径;6项涉及抗生素选择,1项讨论了静脉转为口服的时机。结论:应尽可能缩短静脉抗生素的疗程,提倡口服治疗是更有益的,静脉抗生素疗程推荐2~7天,口服疗程推荐16~20天,优点是更少的并发症、更短的住院时间以及治愈率的提高。对于金黄色葡萄球菌感染的患者抗生素首选β-内酰胺类抗生素(β-lactam, BL),耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)感染患者可采用克林霉素治疗,对于耐克林霉素者推荐采用多肽类抗生素。
Abstract: Objective: The optimal treatment regimen for hematogenous osteomyelitis (HO) in children, including the choice of route of administration, periodicity, and type of antibiotics, remains controversial, and this study will provide a systematic review of the relevant literature with the expectation of providing recommendations for the use of antibiotics in HO in children. Methods: A systematic review of relevant literature from 2013~2023. Result: We included a total of 18 articles in our review, comprising 4 randomized controlled trials, 6 cohort studies, and 8 observational studies. Among these, 4 studies addressed the duration of antibiotic use, 7 studies examined the route of antibiotic administration, 6 studies focused on antibiotic selection, and 1 study discussed the timing of transitioning from intravenous to oral antibiotics. Conclusion: It is beneficial to minimize the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and advocate for oral treatment whenever possible. We recommend a course of 2~7 days for intravenous antibiotics and 16~20 days for oral antibiotics. This approach offers advantages such as fewer complications, shorter hospital stays, and improved cure rates. For patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections, β-lactam (BL) antibiotics (Recommended Benzocillin) are the preferred choice. For methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, treatment with clindamycin is recommended, and for those resistant to clindamycin, peptide antibiotics are recommended.
文章引用:王虎, 付琮霄, 王晗, 高豪, 张云飞. 儿童血源性骨髓炎的抗生素选择、给药途径及持续时间[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(7): 1404-1412. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1472160

1. 引言

针对儿童HO的抗生素选择、给药途径和持续时间仍存在争议[1] [2]。2013发表的一篇系统评价推荐3个月以上的急性患儿使用3~4天的静脉抗生素治疗,如果有效则过渡到口服,持续3周。最近的研究是Huang, C.Y.提出,4~6周疗程安全有效[3]。但需要长期抗生素治疗的教条仍然存在,还要考虑年龄、感染部位以及基础疾病等因素[4] [5],方能减少住院时间、降低再入院率。决定何时从静脉转为口服的研究有限,主要是基于临床和实验室检查的改善以及对药物或手术的反应[6]-[8]。当患儿的发热曲线呈下降趋势、受累部位压痛改善、CRP降低(≤2~3 mg/dL)时,应考虑从静脉转为口服[9]β-内酰胺类(BL)药物是甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA)的首选治疗方法。万古霉素一直是MRSA骨髓炎的首选药物,但有几种较新的药物包括利奈唑胺和达托霉素近年也被作为推荐药物[10]BL药物可用于治疗革兰氏阴性骨髓炎,但耐药性增加使这些感染的治疗变得复杂[11],尽管已有针对儿童HO抗生素治疗的相关研究,但年份过久,因此,展开更全面、更前沿的综述研究可为临床抗生素使用提供有效指导。

2. 方法

2.1. 信息来源和检索策略

通过当前文献检索识别临床研究(PubmedCochrane图书馆、EmbaseMedlineWeb of science数据库,2013年至2023年12月),无语言限制:“Osteomyelitis”[MeSH]和(“Anti-Bacterial Agents”[标题/摘要]或“Drug Therapy”[标题/摘要])和(“Adolescent”[MeSH]或“Infant, Newborn”[MeSH]“Child, PrescHOol”)和(“Controlled Clinical Trial”[发表类型]或“Randomized Controlled Trial”[发表类型]或“Clinical Trial”[发表类型]。检索了每篇文献的参考文献列表,以查找可能相关的其他研究。图1概述了用于研究选择的策略。

2.2. 纳入和排除标准

纳入标准:1) 随机对照试验、非随机比较研究、队列研究、观察性研究;2) 临床诊断为HO的18岁以下患者,有或无影像学证实;3) 应用非手术治疗并明确描述;4) 报告患者最终结局。如果研究符合以下标准之一,则将其排除:1) 综述文章、荟萃分析、病例报告、手术文章或动物实验;2) 成人研究;3) 一些试验将急性骨髓炎和脓毒性关节炎患者纳入一项研究,在这些病例中提取了骨髓炎患者的数据,排除单纯脓毒性关节炎患者。

2.3. 数据收集

1名作者根据以上标准,通过阅读标题、摘要或全文对所有研究进行审查、提取。包括以下资料:作者、出版年份、病原菌、和抗生素种类、疗程、患者数量、年龄、随访时间及成功率(随访终点无复发)。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究选择

Figure 1. Flow chart for study inclusion.

1. 文献纳入流程图

文献筛选过程见图1,共检索到18篇文献,其中4项涉及抗生素疗程,7项涉及抗生素的应用途径;6项涉及抗生素选择,1项讨论了静脉转为口服的时机。检索不限于出版日期、国家或语言。

3.2. 抗生素治疗持续时间

1项随机对照试验纳入53名儿童。第1组接受7天的静脉抗生素(27名患者),第2组接受14天的静脉抗生素(26名患者),经过平均11.5个月的随访,两组患者均未出现慢性化的迹象。表明7天的抗生素与延长治疗一样有效[12],这与冰岛儿童医院的一项研究结果相同[13]。第2项随机实验包含11名患者,讨论了儿童跟骨骨髓炎的治疗。该研究使用计算机生成的数字将11名参与者随机分配接受口服抗生素治疗20或30天,旨在确定短期静脉抗生素治疗后口服抗生素的有效性。结果显示短期治疗患者反而治愈率高[14],但由于样本量太小,并不具有说服力,这也是唯一一项讨论口服疗程的研究。在蒙彼利埃大学医院进行了1项回顾性研究,包括53例急性患儿。患者治疗48小时后重新评估,如果临床症状良好,则改用口服治疗,最短总治疗持续时间为15天,没有治疗失败,1%的病例出现轻度后遗症,二次手术翻修率为7% [15]。另一项包含56名患者的前瞻性研究也发现,7~17天的静脉抗生素疗程并无显著差异[16]

3.3. 静脉还是口服

7项研究探讨了儿童HO的抗生素应用途径。第一项前瞻性研究包含仅接受口服抗生素治疗的15名门诊HO患者与住院接受静脉抗生素的228名患者。门诊患者全部治愈(100%),无任何并发症或后遗症,而住院组并发症主要为化脓性肌炎或骨膜下脓肿(7%)、血栓栓塞(0.4%)、院内感染(4%)、缺血性坏死等。该研究表明,并非所有患者都需要静脉抗生素后口服抗生素的传统方法,一般健康状况良好的门诊患者仅使用口服抗生素即可成功治疗[17]。第二项包含1969名急性患儿的大样本研究也表明早期过渡到口服治疗与治疗失败的风险增加无关,并避免了长期治疗的风险[18]。有研究发现,口服抗生素治疗的儿童并没有比通过中心静脉导管(central venous catheter, PICC)途径治疗发生更多的治疗失败(94% VS 95%)。PICC组的药物不良反应发生率略高(均<4%),需要回诊或住院的风险更高(风险差异,14.6% [95% CI, 11.3%~17.9%]) [19]。第四项研究包含21例手部骨髓炎患者,认为6周的口服抗生素降低了成本并减少导管相关并发症[20]。观察性研究由于其本身的局限性,都进行的是静脉过渡到口服早与晚哪个更优的研究,结果都认为早期过渡是更优的[21]。1项研究根据全身炎症评分将患儿分为轻度组(n = 80)、中度组(n = 98)和重度组(n = 68)。建议轻中度急性患儿早期过渡到口服抗菌药物治疗似乎是安全的[22]。这种结论在县医院和大学三级医院也是不变的[23]。对于特定的HO患者,完全口服给药可能是一种安全的选择,治疗失败率更低[16] [24]

Table 1. Literature data related to the course of antibiotic use

1. 抗生素使用疗程相关文献数据

年份

A组

成功率

B组

成功率

疗效对比

参考文献

2013

27人(7天静脉疗程)

100%

14人(14天静脉)

100%

无差异

12

2015

5人(20天疗程)

100%

6人(30天疗程)

100%

无差异

14

年份

总人数

静脉疗程

口服疗程

成功率

疗效比较

参考文献

2019

81

2天

15天以上

100%

推荐短程静脉

15

2019

56

7~14天

未报道

92.9%

7~14天的静脉疗程无差异

16

3.4. 何时从静脉转为口服

一项研究报道了37例儿科患者。91.89%的患者在50天内C反应蛋白(CRP)水平下降了4%,其中只有2.94%的患者在随访期间出现并发症。结论是临床症状改善和50天内CRP水平降低4%的组合可用于确定何时将患有骨关节感染的儿科患者过渡到口服治疗[25]。相似指征在相关文献也提及:过渡到口服治疗的标准包括CRP降低–通常降至30 mg/L-以及体温正常化≥24小时[16]

3.5. 抗生素的选择

经验性抗生素治疗必须考虑到局部MRSA的流行情况[26]。本研究纳入2项随机对照试验研究了抗生素选择,一项多中心研究127人接受了筛查,34人接受了随机分组,其中包括11名儿童(32%),并随机分配他们接受标准抗生素包括氟氯西林、头孢唑林、万古霉素或头孢洛林治疗MRSA,联合或不联合克林霉素,与标准治疗组相比,联合克林霉素组的90天治愈率较高(100% vs. 76%) [27]。另一项III期临床试验评估了达托霉素与对照组(万古霉素、萘夫西林或等效药物)的疗效和安全性。每个治疗组73 名共146名患者,55/71例(78%)达托霉素治疗的患者和58/70例(83%)对照组患者观察到第5天的临床改善(95%置信区间[CI]:−19.4,7.4)。更多对照组患者出现不良事件(63% vs. 46%)和治疗相关(18% vs. 7%)不良事件。结果提示MRSA感染者使用达托霉素效果更佳[28]。纳入了4项回顾性研究:第1项评估了实施小儿HO经验性抗生素治疗指南的疗效,结果表明经验性使用头孢唑林窄谱抗生素方案,再配合第一代/第二代头孢菌素口服治疗是有效的,并且不劣于广谱方案[29]。另一项研究回顾了奥克兰地区两个儿童骨科医院10年来的急性患儿,认为氟氯西林仍然是经验性治疗的良好选择,复发率较低[30],且价格低廉。我们前期的研究也证实苯唑西林在治疗MSSA感染骨髓炎特别是合并败血症及肺部感染时也发挥了满意的治疗效果[31]

第4项研究发现阿莫西林–克拉维酸是治疗是急性患儿最常用且可行的口服药物。MSSA也是是最常见的病原体(72.4%),MRSA占4.8% [32]。对于MSSA感染儿童,3项研究都选择了BL,对于MRSA患者4项研究分别选择了多肽类抗生素达托霉素、克林霉素:糖肽类、磺胺甲恶唑(TMP-SMX),与治疗小儿急性骨关节感染的替代药物相比,TMP-SMX治疗与更大的临床失败无关,但与更多的抗生素相关不良事件相关[33]。1项选择了林可霉素类,但也提及耐药者选择多肽类的达托霉素。有文献表明在关注社区相关MRSA和克林霉素耐药菌株的地区,建议对小儿骨髓炎进行基于糖肽的经验性治疗,尤其是培养阴性感染的患者[34]

4. 讨论

HO大多发生于儿童,本综述总结了关于儿童HO抗生素应用的最新数据,包括静脉和口服治疗的优劣性、最佳持续时间以及抗生素选择。在确定的4项随机对照研究中,样本量都较小(<200),都采用了计算机随机分配,一项研究的研究者和受试者都采用了盲法,主要不足是有部分患者失访,培养阳性和培养阴性病例相结合以及未考虑混杂因素。

本研究认为症状良好的患者仅使用口服抗生素即可成功治疗[35]。尽管生物利用度不完全相等,但口服治疗不存在导管并发症(静脉注射的发生率约28%)、药物不良反应更少(腹泻、周围神经病变等)、住院时间短以及成本低[36]。重症患者(无法吞咽、无意识、败血症等)、无法吸收口服药物(活动性胃肠道出血、麻痹性肠梗阻等)应考虑静脉抗生素治疗,但缺乏医院层面对两种治疗方案的比较有效性的平衡。一味过早转换的潜在风险是感染治疗不充分,导致病情恶化[37] [38]

抗生素前瞻性对照研究很少,静脉抗生素4~6周的疗程被认为是标准治疗[39]。最短7天可以取得良好疗效,这与2013年的研究所报告的3~4天相比有所延长[40],长疗程与短疗程静脉治疗相比治愈率相差并不明显,如表1所示,相关文献也认为长期静脉治疗具有更长的住院时间和更多的并发症[41]-[43]

关于口服抗生素的疗程,本研究推荐20天以内的疗程已经足够。相关报道认为已经接受4天静脉抗生素治疗且临床反应良好的患者,16天的口服抗生素治疗可能足以治疗儿童单纯性骨髓炎[44]。由于细菌的数量、生长速度和对抗菌药物敏感性很少被测量(部分原因是在临床实践中很难做到这一点),不太可能存在一个最佳治疗持续时间。相关研究使用一个简单的细菌感染数学模型,该模型由免疫反应控制,不仅捕获了由于感染而导致的宿主防御的动态积累,而且还捕获了免疫能力的数据。结果表明在感染早期给药,“强而短”(3天)的治疗效果更好,而在感染最严重时给药,则倾向于“温和长期”(7天)的抗生素疗程[45]。短程治疗应用的主要先决条件是正常的宿主免疫系统。足够的粒细胞以及正常的免疫水平,正如先前所述的单独的口服治疗不能用于重症患者。此外,选择用于短程治疗的抗生素应具有较低的诱导耐药性向、优选不与血清蛋白紧密结合的药物及具有较低的分子量[46]

超过一半的患者可能错过了早期过渡到口服抗生素的机会[47]。限制从静脉内转为口服的主要障碍是认为口服不能达到与静脉内药物相同的生物利用度,并且必须使用同一药物。但某些抗生素给药时具有90%以上的生物利用度,如环丙沙星、多西环素及利福平等,本研究建议由药剂师与临床医师联合评估是否由静脉转为口服。可将CRP是否明显下降并临床症状改善作为判断的指标[48]

法国儿科传染病小组建议在没有细菌学鉴定的情况下,使用口服阿莫西林克拉维酸或头孢氨苄进行治疗[49],与本研究建议的青霉素类与头孢类相同。如果确定了细菌种类,如MSSA的患者抗生素首选BL,因为其同时对革兰氏阴性菌感染有效,随着氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的增加,使用BL将变得至关重要.对于MRSA患者可采用克林霉素治疗[50],耐克林霉素者推荐采用多肽类抗生素。

5. 结论

应尽可能缩短静脉途径的疗程,提倡口服治疗是更有益的,静脉抗生素推荐2~7天,口服推荐16~20天,静脉转为口服的时机建议为临床改善和CRP水平的明显下降的组合,由药剂师与临床医师联合评估更加合理。经验性抗生素推荐青霉素类与头孢类抗生素,对于MSSA的患者抗生素首选BL,尤其是苯唑西林可以发挥满意的疗效,对于MRSA患者可采用克林霉素治疗,对于耐克林霉素者推荐采用多肽类抗生素。

致 谢

行文至此,落笔为终。感谢张云飞老师的信任与指导,感谢师兄们的帮助,愿未来前程似锦,光明无限。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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