基于递进优化策略的医院疏散仿真研究

Research on Hospital Evacuation Simulation Based on Progressive Optimization Strategy

摘要: 为了探究火灾下医院建筑的合理疏散策略，本文利用Pathfinder和PyroSim软件分别对某医院住院部进行疏散和火灾仿真，依次探究消防电梯数量、重点病区楼层优化、医护与病人、电梯运行、分区引导和分阶段疏散六种策略的优化方案，以及六种策略递进实施下的疏散时间和伤亡比率。结果表明，在设施与人员配置方面，需根据《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》设置消防电梯数量、根据《医疗机构基本标准(试行)》配备护士(每个床位至少配备0.4名护士)，无需将重点病区设置在低楼层；在疏散策略方面，应限制着火楼层以下人员仅使用楼梯疏散，着火楼层以上的失能病人使用消防电梯、其他人员使用楼梯，且关闭离火源最近的楼梯。此外，前五种优化策略的优化组合可使总疏散时间和伤亡人数分别降低41.77%和50.50%。本文结果为常态下医院设施和人员配置提供了参考，为火灾下医院疏散方案的制定指明了方向。

Abstract: To explore rational evacuation strategies for hospital buildings under fire scenarios, this study utilizes Pathfinder and PyroSim software to simulate evacuation and fire in a specific hospital ward. Six optimization schemes are sequentially investigated, including the provision of fire elevators, optimization of key ward floors, allocation of medical staff and patients, elevator operation, zoning guidance, and phased evacuation. The study examines the optimized solutions and evacuation times and casualty rates under the implementation of these strategies in a progressive manner. Results indicate that, in terms of facility and personnel configuration, the provision of fire elevators should adhere to the “Code for Fire Protection Design of High-rise Civil Buildings”, and nursing staff should be allocated according to the “Basic Standards for Medical Institutions (Trial)”. It is unnecessary to allocate key wards to lower floors. In terms of evacuation strategies, individuals below the floor of the fire should be restricted to using only the stairs for evacuation, disabled patients above the floor of the fire should use the fire elevator, others should use the stairs, and the stairway closest to the source of the fire should be closed. Furthermore, the optimized combination of the first five strategies leads to reductions of 41.77% in total evacuation time and 50.50% in casualties. These findings offer insights into the configuration of hospital facilities and personnel under normal conditions and provide guidance for formulating evacuation plans in the event of a fire in hospitals.