自我提升还是自我验证：产生条件及影响
Self-Enhance or Self-Verification: The Conditions of Motivation and Effect
摘要: 受认知资源、自我观确定性、人际关系质量以及社会文化因素的影响，自我提升动机和自我验证动机的激活因情境而异。研究者普遍认为这两种动机对个体的影响是利弊参半的。适宜的自我提升和自我验证能够带来情绪、人际、成就等方面的好处，但与某些消极的个人特质相结合则带来不利的影响。未来研究应从不同动机的结合、毕生发展和文化差异性方面展开更深入的探讨。
Abstract: Because of the difference of processing resources, self-view certainty, relationship quality and culture, Self-enhance and Self-verification motive are activated in different conditions respectively. Psychologists have more mixed view about psychological and physiological function of Self-enhance and Self-verification. Appropriate Self-enhance or Self-verification can bring the benefits on emotion, relationships and achievement etc., but disorders appearing when these two self-motivates combine with some negative personal characters. The future studies should consider further discussion from the combination of different motives, life-span development and cultural differences.
文章引用：付彩红, 吕厚超. 自我提升还是自我验证：产生条件及影响[J]. 心理学进展, 2013, 3(1): 9-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2013.31002

参考文献

[1] 韩立丰, 王重鸣(2011). 自我验证与人际一致性: 团队多样性利用的新视角. 心理科学进展, 19期, 374-384.
[2] 胡金生, 黄希庭(2009). 自谦: 中国人一种重要的行事风格初探. 心理学报, 41期, 842-852.
[3] 刘肖岑, 桑标, 窦东徽(2011a). 自我提升的利与弊: 理论、实证及应用. 心理科学进展, 19期, 883-895.
[4] 刘肖岑, 桑标, 窦东徽(2011b). 人际/非人际情境下青少年外显与内隐的自我提升. 心理学报, 43期, 1293-1307.
[5] 王利霞(2011). 自我增强: 外显与内隐的实证研究. 西北师范大学硕士学位论文, 兰州.
[6] 王轶楠(2005). 有关自我增强跨文化普遍性的争论. 心理科学进展, 13期, 822-827.
[7] Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
[8] Anseel, F., & Lievens, F. (2006). Certainty as a moderator of feedback reactions? A test of the strength of the self-verification motive. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 533- 551.
[9] Anthony, D. B., Holmes, J. G., & Wood, J. V. (2007). Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value. Jour- nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1024-1039.
[10] Anthony, D. B., Wood, J. V., & Holmes, J. G. (2007). Testing sociome- ter theory: Self-esteem and the importance of acceptance for social decision-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 425-432.
[11] Ayduk, O., Mendes, W. B., Akinola, M., & Gyurak, A. (2008). Self- esteem and blood pressure reactivity to social acceptance and rejec- tion. Self-verification processes revealed in physiological responses. Manuscript in preparation, UC Berkeley.
[12] Bernichon, T., Cook, K., & Brown, J. D. (2003). Seeking self-evalua- tive feedback: The interactive role of global self-esteem and specific self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 194- 204.
[13] Bodroža, B. (2011). Cognitive and affective reactions to success and failure—The quality of feedback as the determinant of self-verifying and self-enhancing motivation. Psihologija, 44, 149-166.
[14] Campbell, L., Lackenbauer, S. D., & Muise, A. (2006). When is being known or adored by romantic partners most beneficial? Self-per- ceptions, relationship length, and responses to partner’s verifying and enhancing appraisals. Perso-nality and Social Psychology Bulle- tin, 21, 1283-1294.
[15] Cast, A. D., & Burke, P. J. (2002). A theory of self-esteem. Social Forces, 80, 1041-1068.
[16] Chen, S., Chen, K. Y., & Shaw, L. (2004). Self-verification motives at the collective level of self-definition. Journal of Personality and So- cial Psychology, 86, 77-94.
[17] Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pur- suits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psycho- logical Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
[18] English, T., Chen, S., & Swann Jr., W. B. (2008). A cross-cultural analysis of self-verification motives. In R. Sorrentino, & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (pp. 119-142). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
[19] Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). An integrative model of ex- cessive reassurance seeking and negative feedback seeking in the development and maintenance of depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1291-1303.
[20] Fernald, A. (1993). Approval and disapproval: Infant responsiveness to vocal affect in familiar and unfamiliar languages. Child Develop- ment, 64, 657-674.
[21] Guenther, C. L., & Alicke, M. D. (2010). Deconstructing the better- than-average effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 755-770.
[22] Gomez, A., Huici, C., Seyle, D. C., & Swann, W. B. (2009). Can self- verification strivings fully transcend the self-other barrier? Seeking verification of ingroup identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 1021-1044.
[23] Heine, S. J., Lehman, D., Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
[24] Kraus, M. W., & Chen, S. (2009). Striving to be known by significant others: Automatic activation of self-verification goals in relationship contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 58-73.
[25] Kwang, T., & Swann Jr., W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? A review of critical tests of self-en- hancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychol- ogy Review, 14, 263-280.
[26] Leary, M. R. (2007). Motivational and emotional aspects of the self. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317-344.
[27] Letzring, T. D., & Noftle, E. E. (2010). Predicting relationship quality from self-verification of broad personality traits among romantic couples. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 353-362.
[28] McCrae, S. M., & Hirt, E. R. (2001). The role of ability judgments in self-handicapping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1378-1389.
[29] Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2005). To know you is to love you: Implications of global adoration and specific accuracy for marital relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 480- 497.
[30] Noordewier, M. K., & Stapel, D. A. (2011). When failure feels better than success: Self-salience, self-consistency, and affect. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 321-330.
[31] North, R. J., & Swann Jr., W. B. (2009). Self-verification 3608: Illumi- nating the light and dark sides. Self and Identity, 8, 131-146.
[32] Pelham, B. W. (1991). On confidence and consequence: The certainty and importance of self-knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 518-530.
[33] Pelham, B. W., & Swann Jr., W. B. (1994). The juncture of intraper- sonal and interpersonal knowledge: Self-certainty and interpersonal congruence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 349- 357.
[34] Pronin, E., Gilovich, T., & Ross, L. (2004). Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: Divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others. Psychology Review, 3, 781-799.
[35] Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self- enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 60-79.
[36] Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Vevea, J. L. (2007). Inclusion of theory- relevant moderators yield the same conclusions as Sedikides, Gaert- ner, and Vevea (2005): A meta-analytical reply to Heine, Kitayama, and Hamamura (2007). Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 59- 67.
[37] Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (2009). Social cognition and self- cognition: Two sides of the same evolutionary coin? European Jour- nal of Social Psychology, 39, 1245-1249.
[38] Seih,Y. T., Buhrmester, M. D., Lin, Y. C., Huan. C. L., & Swann Jr., W. B. (2013). Do people want to be flattered or understood? The cross- cultural universality of self-verification. Journal of Experimental So- cial Psychology, 49, 169-172.
[39] Shrauger, J. S. (1975). Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 581-596.
[40] Spencer-Rodgers, J., Boucher, H. C., & Peng K. P. (2009). Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism. Jour- nal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 860-866.
[41] Swann Jr., W. B. (2012). Self-verification theory. In P. Van Lang, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 23-42). London: Sage.
[42] Swann Jr., W. B., Chang-Schneider, C., & Angulo, S. (2008). Self- verification in relationships as an adaptive process. In J. Wood, A. Tesser, & J. Holmes (Eds.), The self and social relationships (pp. 49-72). New York: Psychology Press.
[43] Swann Jr., W. B., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Gilbert, D. T. (1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Behavioral reactions to self- relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 17-26.
[44] Swann Jr., W. B., Rentfrow, P., & Guinn, J. (2003). Self-verification: The search for coherence. In M. Leary, & J. Tangney (Eds.), Hand- book of self and identity (pp. 367-383). New York: Guilford.
[45] Swann, W. B., & Schroeder, D. G. (1995). The search for beauty and truth: A framework for understanding reactions to evaluations. Per- sonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1307-1318.
[46] Tyler, T. R. (2001). Why do people rely on others? Social identity and social aspects of trust. In K. S. Cook (Ed.), Trust in society (Vol. 2, pp. 285-306). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.