气的层次性——庄子对于老子道气思想的发展及其意义

The Hierarchy of Qi—Zhuangzi’s Development and Significance of Laozi’s Dao Qi Thought

摘要: 气作为中国古代哲学的重要概念之一，在先秦道家中占据着重要地位。在老子的笔下，气被赋予了自然的秉性，于道本论中生出了气化的初步思想。庄子在老子的基础上将气分为天气、物气与人气三个层次，天气为存在于外部的“气”，是老子所言的“气”概念的延展；物气为构成万物之气，强调了“气”构成天地万物质料的性质；人气分为呼吸之气、本原之气、养身之气和精神之气，着眼于气与人之间的密切联系。庄子对于“气”哲学概念的层次划分，对哲学家们探索道气思想产生了深远的影响。

Abstract: Qi, as one of the important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy, occupies an important position in pre Qin Taoism. In Laozi’s writings, Qi was endowed with natural temperament and gave birth to the preliminary idea of Qi transformation in the Dao based theory. Zhuangzi divided qi into three levels based on Laozi’s theory: weather, material qi, and human qi. Weather is the external “qi” that exists, which is an extension of Laozi’s concept of “qi”; The material qi is the qi that constitutes all things, emphasizing the nature of “qi” as the material of all things in heaven and earth; Popularity is divided into respiratory qi, primitive qi, nourishing qi, and spiritual qi, focusing on the close relationship between qi and people. Zhuangzi’s hierarchical division of the philosophical concept of “qi” has had a profound impact on philosophers’ exploration of Dao Qi thought.