2018~2022年乌鲁木齐市大气环境质量变化特征及健康风险评价

Characteristics of Atmospheric Environmental Quality Changes and Health Risk Assessment in Urumqi City from 2018 to 2022

摘要: 目的：研究乌鲁木齐2018~2022年大气质量变化特征，评价主要大气污染物对健康的影响。方法：收集2018~2022年乌鲁木齐市大气污染物数据，分析大气污染物特征。利用环境暴露风险评价模型对大气污染物开展人群健康风险评价。结果：乌鲁木齐市近五年主要污染物均以可吸入颗粒物(particulate matter 10, PM₁₀)和细颗粒物(particulate matter 2.5, PM_2.5)为主，其他污染物污染情况不明显。SO₂、CO、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度值均呈现逐年下降趋势。O₃浓度值则相反，呈现逐年上升趋势。2021年空气质量指数(air quality index, AQI)值最低，2018年最高。乌鲁木齐市PM₁₀、PM_2.5健康风险值大于SO₂、NO₂造成的非致癌风险值，大气污染物造成的健康风险随年龄的增加而降低，老人受到大气污染物健康风险最小，2022年SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5健康风险值较2018年分别减少33%、24%、28%、22%。结论：根据数据分析乌鲁木齐市空气质量在逐渐好转，但O₃浓度值呈现逐年上升趋势。随年龄的增加大气污染物造成的健康风险随之降低，乌鲁木齐市污染物造成的健康风险值在USEPI规定的1 × 10⁻⁶~1 × 10⁻⁴可接受范围内。

Abstract: Objective: This paper aims to study the characteristics of atmospheric quality changes in Urumqi from 2018 to 2022 and evaluate the impact of major air pollutants on health. Methods: This paper collects air pollutant data from Urumqi City from 2018 to 2022, analyzes the characteristics of air pollutants, and conducts a population health risk assessment of atmospheric pollutants using an environmental exposure risk assessment model. Results: In the past five years, the main pollutants in Urumqi City have been inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), while the pollution situation of other pollutants is not significant. The concentration values of SO₂, CO, NO₂, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 have all shown a decreasing trend year by year. The concentration of O₃ is the opposite, showing an increasing trend year by year. The air quality index (AQI) value was the lowest in 2021 and the highest in 2018. The health risk values of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Urumqi are higher than the non carcinogenic risk index of SO₂ and NO₂. The health risk of air pollutants decreases with age, and the health risk caused by air pollutants to the elderly is the smallest. In 2022, the health risk values of SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 decreased by 33%, 24%, 28%, and 22% respectively compared to 2018. Conclusions: According to data analysis, the air quality in Urumqi is gradually improving, but the O₃ concentration value is showing an upward trend year by year. The health risk of atmospheric pollutants decreases with age, and the non carcinogenic risk of pollutants in Urumqi city does not exceed the acceptable risk values of 1 × 10⁻⁶~1 × 10⁻⁴ specified by USEPI.