新进入者对生态系统竞争格局的影响

Influence of New Entrants on the Competitive Landscape of Ecosystems

摘要: 生态系统固有的开放性赋予了新进入者自由加入的可能。然而，新进入者往往会遭遇有形或无形的进入壁垒。面对壁垒，新企业可通过两种方式进入：一是作为行业焦点进行创新；二是作为现有焦点企业的互补者。另一种策略是一体化，即同时在关键技术上创新并与之互补。本文通过网络博弈模型探讨了新进入者采用一体化策略时对生态系统竞争格局的影响。研究显示，在没有新进入者时，市场由研发实力强的上游企业主导，而技术较弱的下游企业处境最差。新企业的加入可能导致竞争格局发生颠覆性变化，新进入者会超越原在位企业并保持领先地位。原上游领导者的市场份额不断下降面临被取代的风险，而技术较弱的下游企业可能在原有的在位者中展现出领先地位。

Abstract: The inherent openness of ecosystems allows new entrants the possibility to join freely. However, new entrants often face tangible or intangible entry barriers. In response to these barriers, new firms can enter in two ways: one as an industry focal point for innovation, the other as a complement to existing focal firms. Another strategy is integration, which involves innovating in key technologies while also complementing them. This paper uses a network game model to explore the impact of new entrants adopting an integrated strategy on the competitive landscape of ecosystems. The study shows that without new entrants, the market is dominated by upstream firms with strong research and development capabilities, while downstream firms with weaker technology are in the worst position. The addition of new firms may lead to a disruptive change in the competitive landscape, where new entrants surpass incumbent firms and maintain a leading position. The original upstream leaders see their market share decline and face the risk of being replaced, while the technologically weaker downstream firms may exhibit a leading position among the incumbents.