心理想象干预对抑郁症的影响
The Influence of Mental Imagery Intervention on Depression
DOI: 10.12677/ASS.2021.101022, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 576  浏览: 979 
作者: 周文璟:西南大学心理学部,重庆
关键词: 心理想象抑郁症干预情绪Mental Imagery Depression Intervention Emotion
摘要: 抑郁症是一个全球性的健康问题,给很多家庭造成经济上的负担和精神上的压力。抑郁症在心理想象上通常表现为侵入性消极想象过多,缺乏积极心理想象,记忆过度概括化,想象生动性贫乏。心理想象是一种在无知觉情况下产生的一种经验,是人类认知中普遍存在的一个特征,它与情感之间存在特殊关系,和精神病理学有着联系。心理想象在临床心理学研究中未被充分探索,但它提出了许多临床障碍(如社交恐惧、精神分裂症、抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍等)方面潜在的运用价值。特别地,它在抑郁症的干预治疗中越来越受到许多研究者的青睐。本文简单地探讨了心理想象在抑郁症治疗中的运用,并指出了今后心理想象研究的一些方向。
Abstract: Depression is a global health problem that places a financial and emotional strain on many fami-lies. In terms of mental imagery, depression usually presents as too much invasive negative im-agery, lack of positive mental imagery, over-generalization of memory, and lack of vividness of imagery. Mental imagery is a kind of experience produced in the absence of perception, and it is a common feature in human cognition. There is a special relationship between mental imagery and emotion, which is related to psychopathology. Mental imagery has not been fully explored in clinical psychology research, but it has raised the potential application value of many clinical disorders, such as social phobia, schizophrenia, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In particular, it is more and more favored by many researchers in the intervention of depression. This paper briefly discusses the application of mental imagery in the treatment of depression, and pointed out some directions of mental imagery research in the future.
文章引用:周文璟. 心理想象干预对抑郁症的影响[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2021, 10(1): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2021.101022

1. 引言

抑郁症是一个全球性的健康问题,全世界约有3亿人患有抑郁症 [1]。抑郁症主要表现为持续的心境低落、悲观、快感消退、空虚等,同时还伴有各种认知障碍,影响患者正常生活 [2]。抑郁症增加了全球疾病的总体负担,给患者及其家人带来巨大痛苦 [3] [4],它到2030年将成为全球负担的主要因素之一,它在所有疾病中居于第二位 [5]。并且,抑郁症在男性当中终生患病率约为16.6%~30% [6],在女性中患病约为16.6%~40% [7],它通常与各种慢性病并发,如心绞痛和糖尿病,并导致其显著恶化 [8]。在抑郁症的治疗当中,研究发现,心理和药物干预的效果是一样的 [9],但是,有证据表明心理治疗比药物治疗具有更持久的影响 [10],并且能减少药物带来的副作用。近年来在认知行为疗法(Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, CBT)中兴起的心理想象干预,为抑郁症的治疗带来希望,而且能有效防止抑郁症的复发 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]。

2. 心理想象对抑郁症干预的相关研究

2.1. 心理想象的含义

什么是心理想象(Mental imagery)? Kosslyn等人将心理想象描述为通过心灵之耳聆听,心灵之眼观看 [16],它可以是有意识(voluntary)的,也可以是无意识的(involuntary),通常涉及回忆过去或想象未来,也被称为心理时间旅行(Mental Time Travel, MTT) [17]。非自愿的想象会通过更强烈的情感、身体和行为反应,让我们记住过去,畅想未来,并做出决定,因此对指导我们的思想和行为会产生一定的影响 [18]。近年来,关于心理想象的行为研究越来越多,特别是将其运用到抑郁症的干预当中的研究,越来越受到关注。

2.2. 心理想象的认知理论

心理想象一直被认为是认知行为理论和心理问题治疗的核心。心理想象的研究及其在心理治疗中的应用已有很长的历史,可分别追溯到柏拉图哲学(约公元前400年)和19世纪晚期 [19]。心理想象与认知行为治疗高度相关,因为它是一种经过诊断的精神病理的认知维持因素,它对情绪、认知以及行为都有着重要影响,因此常常被作为一种操作简单、有效可行的干预手段 [11] [14] [20]。

1) 心理想象和情绪的关系

心理想象对情绪情感会产生强烈的影响。心理想象比语言处理能诱发更大的情绪反应,Holmes等人的研究发现,想象自己身处场景的被试比要求口头思考的被试表现出更大的情绪变化 [11]。让患者想象一个积极的场景,可以从中获得情感上的好处 [21],基于想象的记忆加工也可能会增强记忆的情感影响,继而影响情绪。有研究发现,在健康人群和抑郁患者当中,想象丰富的行为处理方式对情绪有较大的影响 [22] [23]。陆续的一些研究也发现了同样的结果 [24] [25],心理想象因此可以作为一种情绪干预方式,引导被试去体验更加积极的情绪,从而改善患者的消极情绪。

2) 心理想象对认知的影响

心理想象对认知的其他方面也会产生的影响,因此心理想象一直被认为是认知行为理论和心理问题治疗的核心。让被试想象模棱两可(可以是积极也可以是消极)的场景,通常被试不是朝着积极的方向去想就是朝着消极的方向去想。因此,MacLeod等人开发了一种简单的情感训练,即基于想象的认知偏差修正(Cognitive Bias Modification, CBM),以修正被试的不良认知偏差。该范式主要集中在两个认知目标上;心理想象和解释。让患者反复练习想象模糊情况下的积极解决方案,通过这种想象CBM训练,形成一种认知偏差,让被试自动想象在日常生活中遇到的模糊情况下的积极态度 [26]。这种结合积极解释(通过对模糊情境保持持续的积极态度),训练积极心理想象(通过重复的积极表象生成);对减少抑郁症症状特别有帮助 [27]。

3) 心理想象对的行为影响

心理想象可以在促进行为改变,在从计划到实施的转变中发挥重要作用。想象想要的行为可以让患者预先体验并在心理上排练这些行为及其影响,为他们在现实世界中使用治疗技巧和更适应的行为做准备。对饮食、锻炼、睡眠和赌博等各种不同的行为研究表明,对未来行为的心理想象会影响实际行为 [28]。积极想象具有增强行为接近动机的作用,而这种动机在抑郁和焦虑当中恰好是缺乏的,抑郁患者很难对未来事件产生积极想象,反复想象以积极的决心参与日常活动可以增加抑郁症患者的行为激活 [28]。此外,相关的体育锻炼研究也发现,想象朝着期望目标努力的过程(即达到该目标的步骤),并结合期望目标本身,能最快地实现行为的改变 [29]。

2.3. 心理想象的技术和方法

心理想象在CBT中的运用有多种不同的方法和形式,本文简单介绍了几种较为常见的想象技术。

2.3.1. 积极想象(Positive Imagery)

积极想象是抑郁干预当中较为常见的一种技术 [30],该技术主要是让患者朝着积极的方向去反复想象给予的模糊信息,主要是训练一种面对新颖刺激或生活事件时的积极的态度,旨在促进新功能核心信念的发展,以改善认知和促进情绪朝着更好的方向发展。

2.3.2. 想象改写(Imagery Rescripting, IMRS)

IMRS通常指与患者临床表现相关的异常想象的重写或转换 [31]。IMRS不会更改已发生的事件或要求患者否认事件的发生,IMRS旨在改变事件的意义 [32],帮助患者从新的角度看待事件,将其视为与过去的时间、地点和人物相关的糟糕经历,与今天的自我、他人或世界没有更广泛的联系,从而获得一种精神上的安全感或者安慰。IMRS最初是用于治疗复杂的创伤或人格障碍,现在越来越多地用于许多类型的精神病理学当中(如:抑郁症、社交焦虑症、恐惧症、饮食障碍、强迫症等) [33]。

2.3.3. 想象暴露(Imaginal Exposure)

想象暴露在CBT中也经常使用,即让病人反复想象所害怕的物体或情境(例如,焦虑患者,可以让患者尽可能多地去接触他所不想接触的东西),直到其的焦虑水平消退。想象暴露主要用于焦虑症的治疗 [34]。

2.3.4. 其他

除了上述提到的较为常见和运用的集中想象技术外,一些新颖的想象技术也逐步被开发出来,如隐喻想象(metaphorical imagery),旨在促进认知发展和情绪处理 [30];慈悲想象(compassionate imagery)旨在训练一种富有同情心的思维,来平衡我们的三种不同的情绪调节系统,即关注威胁的自我保护系统(self-protection system)、关注欲望和成就资源获取系统(the incentive resource seeking system)、关注安全的舒缓满足系统(the soothing contentment system) [35]。以想象为中心的治疗技术减少了功能障碍想象对情感或相关侵入想象频率的消极影响,临床指南中以想象为中心的CBT在治疗PTSD和社交恐惧症方面的影响最为显著,成功率高达75% [36]。

2.4. 心理想象在抑郁症中的干预机制

抑郁症的一个主要特征是心理想象功能障碍,主要表现为过度的侵入性消极想象,以及对未来的消极想象(如自杀自伤意念等) [31];其次是想象消极,即在经历的事件很难朝着积极的方向想象,以及在使用基于想象的方式来体验积极情感方面存在困难 [37];最后想象缺乏生动性,概括化严重,患者很难生动地想象过去或者未来即将发生事情的细节 [38]。因此,Holmes等人提出了心理想象在抑郁症中需要被考虑的三个关键原因,一是心理想象在临床评估中能帮助更全面地了解患者的心理状况;二是更有效地运用心理治疗,即运用想象和语言技巧能有效缓解抑郁症状;三是更多地了解心理想象和抑郁症之间的认知和神经机制,并利用这些信息帮助未来的治疗创新 [37]。几乎任何可能从感官模拟中获得的行为都可能使用心理想象,从避免失败或寻求成功到解决问题和完成任务(例如,日常活动)都能使用心理想象进行模拟 [18]。因此,在这些领域中以想象为基础的情绪信息表征的中断可能对理解和治疗抑郁症的情绪障碍至关重要 [37]。而抑郁症的一个主要特征是,消极的认知偏差风格,对自我世界和未来过度地消极看待 [39] [40],他们很难去想象一个积极的未来,很容易陷入思维反刍,变得更加不快乐和对生活感到悲观 [41] [42]。

心理想象通过修正患者的负性不良认知,从而使得改善患者的抑郁情绪,理解心理想象与抑郁症的关系,以及心理想象对治疗策略的潜在影响,对于解决不同年龄个体的抑郁症很有意义,这也可能有助于揭示抑郁症症状的病因。新近的研究表明,想象治疗可以提高治疗效果,但是其效度无从考究,但是心理想象的作用远比比我们想象的有着更大的价值所在。

2.5. 心理想象的一般研究方法

在心理想象的干预研究中,一般以行为实验为主。较为常见的方法是通过修正无益的行为来测试患者的预测性思维(predictive thinking) [43]。想象具有具体化的作用,在临床运用中,会让患者闭上眼睛,描绘出他们在改变行为时会想象到的详细画面,而不是询问他们会发生什么;想象结束后,需要进行反思,反思是完成想象的关键部分,旨在确保新的学习得到巩固。让患者想象想要的行为可以让患者预先体验并在心理上排练这些行为及其影响,为他们在现实世界应对更适应的行为做准备 [43]。

在一般的行为研究中,根据反复想象未来事件会增加事件发生的可能性这一特性,研究者在进行研究时,一般会让被试反复想象某一个未来事件 [44],比如在脑海里反复想象你会成功的通过某次考试,不是单纯的想象事件的结果,而是想象事件发生的过程和细节,要求想象出你是怎么通过考试的,为此做了哪些努力,要尽可能生动想象的描述出这个过程。通过类似这样的训练,一定程度上会激发被试的动机,进而影响行为 [28]。在抑郁症的研究中,因为想象积极未来事件的能力受损与抑郁有关(一种以悲观为特征的心理障碍),性格乐观与想象积极未来事件的能力呈正相关,因此在抑郁的干预研究中,会让被试去想象积极的未来,以此来提高被试的乐观情绪 [38] [45] [46]。

3. 结论

心理想象可能是抑郁症的一个影响因素,也是一种潜在的有强大作用的干预工具。心理想象在抑郁症的干预中应用非常多,通过激活和放大情绪、修正认知偏差,改变行为状态,提高积极想象的生动性,有效地促进抑郁症的心理治疗,更好地缓解抑郁症状,为抑郁症的治疗和复发提供一种有效而可行的途径,心理想象干预可以提高抑郁治疗效果,但是其效度暂时无法考究,还需要进一步的研究来提供支持,从而使心理想象的干预得到更好的推广和发展。

4. 心理想象的未来研究

想象某一行动会增加该行为的发生概率 [28],因此在抑郁的治疗当中,让患者更多地去想象积极的事件,减少抑郁情绪。但是相对地,想象消极的事情(比如自杀),患者很有可能真的去自杀。未来的研究,应该朝着如何更好地控制患者不去想象消极的事件或行为,更多地去想象积极的行为事件的方向去。其次,关于想象的干预,没有一套固定的程序,想象的频率和次数也没有具体研究过,因此未来的研究可以去探索想象对抑郁治疗的一个最佳频率和次数,以及更好地在日常生活中进行推广。最后,心理想象是人们日常生活中不经意体验到的,除了在抑郁上的干预研究,或许在其他方面也存在着它自身的价值。虽然也有将心理想象运用到饮食、锻炼等研究中,但是这方面的文献相当匮乏。未来的研究,可以更多地去探讨心理想在其他方面的运用价值。

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