一类Newman多项式的性质
Properties of a Class of Newman Polynomials
DOI: 10.12677/PM.2022.124062, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 305  浏览: 444  科研立项经费支持
作者: 李昌吉:阿坝师范学院,藏汉双语学院,四川 汶川
关键词: Newman多项式系数极值性质Newman Polynomials Coefficients Extremal Properties
摘要: 与系数相关的表达式的极值问题是Newman多项式相关研究中的一个热点。令hi(x)是一类系数全为1的Newman多项式,借助不等式和组合的方法,讨论了与hi3(x)、hi4(x)系数相关表达式的取值,给出了该表达式的极值,从n的不同取值对结论进行了推广。
Abstract: The extreme value problem of the expression related to coefficients is a hot spot in the research of Newman polynomials. Letting hi(x) be a kind of Newman polynomials with all coefficients of 1, the value of the coefficient correlation expression of the hi3(x) and hi4(x) is discussed by method of inequality and combination,and the extremal properties of the expression are given, and the conclusion is generalized from different values of n.
文章引用:李昌吉. 一类Newman多项式的性质[J]. 理论数学, 2022, 12(4): 561-564. https://doi.org/10.12677/PM.2022.124062

1. 引言及结论

多项式是代数中的重要内容之一,系数受限的多项式及其相关性质是多项式研究中的热点问题之一。Newman多项式是指形如 f i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i a i { 0 , 1 } 的多项式,这是一类系数受限的特殊多项式。有关Newman多项式的研究成果较多,如文献 [1] - [8]。一些学者聚焦于研究Newman多项式中关于系数极值性质,取得了一定的成果。如文献 [9] 研究了Newman多项式导数的一些极值性质。记 ( # f i ) 为多项式 f i ( x ) 中系数非零的项数, ζ ( f i n ) 是多项式 f i n 展开式所有项中的最大系数, γ ( n ) = deg ( f i ) ζ ( f i n ) ( # f i ) n 。文献 [10] 给出当 ( # f i ) = o ( deg f i ) 时,可以推出 lim i inf ( γ ( 2 ) ) 1 。文献 [11] 指出当条件 ( # f i ) = o ( deg f i ) 取消后, lim i inf ( γ ( 2 ) ) 发生变化,并得出 lim i inf ( γ ( 2 ) ) = 8 9 ,并猜测此时有 inf ( γ ( 2 ) ) 8 9 。本文将研究在 ( # f i ) = o ( deg f i ) 情形下,一类特定形式的Newman多项式在 i 时的 inf ( γ ( 3 ) ) inf ( γ ( 4 ) ) 的极值问题。本文中研究的Newman多项式的类型是形如: h i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i a i = 1 的多项式,在此条件下有 ( # h i ) = o ( deg h i ) ,并得出结论如下:

定理1 当 h i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i a i = 1 时,有 lim i inf ( γ ( 3 ) ) = 3 4

定理2 当 h i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i a i = 1 时,有 lim i inf ( γ ( 4 ) ) = 2 3

2. 定理证明

2.1. 定理1的证明

h i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + + x i 1 + x i

易知, ( # h i ) = i + 1 ( deg h i ) = i ,又

h i 3 ( x ) = ( 1 + x + + x i 1 + x i ) 3 = 1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + + i ( i + 1 ) 2 x i 1 + ( i + 1 ) ( i + 2 ) 2 x i + i 2 + 5 i 2 x i + 1 + i 2 + 6 i 6 2 x i + 2 + + i 2 + 3 i + 2 2 x 2 i + i ( i + 1 ) 2 x 2 i + 1 + ( i 1 ) i 2 x 2 i + 2 + + 3 x 3 i 1 + x 3 i

i 0 ( mod 2 ) 时,多项式 h i 3 ( x ) x 3 2 i 的系数最大,此时有

ζ ( h i 3 ) = ( i 2 + 1 ) + ( i 2 + 2 ) + + ( i 1 ) + i + ( i 1 ) + ( i 2 + 2 ) + ( i 2 + 1 ) = 3 ( i + 1 ) ( i + 2 ) 4

所以 lim i inf ( γ ( 3 ) ) = lim i i 3 ( i + 1 ) ( i + 2 ) 4 ( i + 1 ) 3 = 3 4

i 1 ( mod 2 ) 时,多项式 h i 3 ( x ) x 3 i 1 2 x 3 i + 1 2 的系数最大,此时有

ζ ( h i 3 ) = i + 3 2 + i + 5 2 + + i + ( i + 1 ) + i + + i + 5 2 + i + 3 2 + i + 1 2 = 3 ( i + 1 ) 2 4

所以 lim i inf ( γ ( 3 ) ) = lim i i 3 ( i + 1 ) 2 4 ( i + 1 ) 3 = 3 4

综上,对任意正整数 i ,均有 lim i inf ( γ ( 3 ) ) = 3 4 ,定理1得证。

2.2. 定理2的证明

h i ( x ) = i = 0 m a i x i = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + + x i 1 + x i

易知, ( # h i ) = i + 1 ( deg h i ) = i ,又

h i 4 ( x ) = ( 1 + x + + x i 1 + x i ) 4 = ( 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + + i x i 1 + ( i + 1 ) x i + ( i 1 ) x i + 1 + + 3 x 2 i 2 + 2 x 2 i 1 + x 2 i ) 2 = r = 0 i ( j + k = r + 2 , j , k > 0 j k ) x r + ( i 1 + ( i + 1 ) 2 + i 3 + ( i 1 ) 4 + + 2 ( i + 1 ) + 1 i ) x i + 1 + ( ( i 1 ) 1 + i 2 + ( i + 1 ) 3 + i 4 + + 3 ( i + 1 ) + 2 i + 1 ( i 1 ) ) x i + 2

+ ( ( i 2 ) 1 + ( i 1 ) 2 + i 3 + ( i + 1 ) 4 + i 5 + + 2 ( i 1 ) + 1 ( i 2 ) ) x i + 3 + + ( 1 1 + 2 2 + + i i + ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1 ) + i i + + 2 2 + 1 1 ) x 2 i + ( 1 2 + 2 3 + + ( i 1 ) i + i ( i + 1 ) + ( i + 1 ) i + i ( i 1 ) + + 3 2 + 2 1 ) x 2 i + 1 + ( 1 3 + 2 4 + + ( i 1 ) ( i + 1 ) + i i + ( i + 1 ) ( i 1 ) + i ( i 2 ) + + 4 2 + 3 1 ) x 2 i + 2

+ + ( 1 ( i + 1 ) + 2 i + 3 ( i 1 ) + ( i 1 ) 3 + i 2 + ( i + 1 ) 1 ) x 3 i + ( j + k = i + 2 , j , k > 0 j k ) x 3 i + ( j + k = i + 1 , j , k > 0 j k ) x 3 i + 1 + ( j + k = i , j , k > 0 j k ) x 3 i + 2 + + ( j + k = 3 , j , k > 0 j k ) x 4 i 1 + ( j + k = 2 , j , k > 0 j k ) x 4 i

结合排序不等式,易知多项式 h i 4 ( x ) 展开式中 x 2 i 的系数最大,此时有

ζ ( h i 4 ) = 1 2 + 2 2 + + i 2 + ( i + 1 ) 2 + i 2 + + 2 2 + 1 2 = 2 i ( i + 1 ) ( 2 i + 1 ) 6 + ( i + 1 ) 2 = ( i + 1 ) ( 2 i 2 + 4 i + 3 ) 3

所以 lim i inf ( γ ( 4 ) ) = lim i i ( i + 1 ) ( 2 i 2 + 4 i + 3 ) 3 ( i + 1 ) 4 = 2 3

综上,定理2得证。

3. 研究展望

本文主要探讨了一类Newman多项式 f i 中关于相关系数的表达式 γ ( n ) = deg ( f i ) ζ ( f i n ) ( # f i ) n ( ( # f i ) = o ( deg f i ) )的极值问题,将 n 的值从2的情形推广到了3和4的情形。当条件 ( # f i ) = o ( deg f i ) 取消时,本文猜测 n = 3 和4时 γ ( n ) = deg ( f i ) ζ ( f i n ) ( # f i ) n 的极值情况将会和 n = 2 时发生改变的情形相似,也会发生改变,在此情形下, ( # f i ) deg ( f i ) 的极值相应会有怎样的变化,这些将作为下一步研究的方向。

基金项目

阿坝师范学院科研项目(20170101, ASB21-04, 202007013)。

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