氨甲环酸在骨科围手术期中的应用研究进展
Application of Tranexamic Acid in Orthopedic Perioperative Period
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.131055, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 257  浏览: 409  科研立项经费支持
作者: 刘相旭, 王冠兴:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;李彦明*:济宁医学院附属医院脊柱外科,山东 济宁
关键词: 氨甲环酸围术期止血给药方式副作用Tranexamic Acid Perioperative Period Hemostasis Method of Administration Side Effects
摘要: 纤溶是止血过程中的重要组成部分,而氨甲环酸早已被证明是一种抗纤溶的有效药物,可以竞争性抑制纤溶酶原使血凝块的溶解减少从而发挥止血作用。目前氨甲环酸作为止血剂已经被应用于诸如骨科手术、普通外科手术、心脏手术和妇产科手术等手术的围术期之中。由于血源的紧缺,手术中的失血问题是骨科医师关注的极其重要的问题,近年来,氨甲环酸在骨科围术期中的应用越来越多,越来越普遍。本篇综述主要探讨氨甲环酸在骨科围手术期中的作用、给药方式、副作用、与其他药物联合使用的情况及其潜在价值。
Abstract: Fibrinolysis is an important part of the process of hemostasis, and tranexamic acid has long been proven to be an effective anti-fibrinolytic drug, which can competitively inhibit plasminogen to re-duce the dissolution of blood clots and play a hemostatic effect. At present, tranexamic acid as a hemostatic agent has been used in the perioperative period of operations such as orthopedic sur-gery, general surgery, heart surgery, and obstetrics and gynecology surgery. Due to the shortage of blood sources, the problem of blood loss during surgery is an important and important issue for or-thopedic surgeons. In recent years, tranexamic acid has been used more and more commonly in the perioperative period of orthopedics. This review mainly discusses the role of tranexamic acid in the perioperative period of orthopedics, administration methods, side effects, combined use of other drugs and its potential value.
文章引用:刘相旭, 王冠兴, 李彦明. 氨甲环酸在骨科围手术期中的应用研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(1): 362-368. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.131055

1. 引言

骨科手术中大量失血会导致一系列的临床问题,比如贫血、低血压、低蛋白血症、血肿形成和器官供氧不足,从而延长术后恢复期,增加围手术期并发症的发病率;并且过多的失血往往需要异体输血,这会导致诸多输血相关风险,其中的输血免疫反应和病毒的传播是最不容忽视的 [1] [2]。围手术期的失血是手术患者的严重威胁之一 [3],而局部止血剂的应用已成为外科手术中控制出血的标准程序 [4]。氨甲环酸(Tranexamic acid, TXA)在20世纪60年代由冈本朔介的实验室开发出来,其最初用于月经出血 [3],是一种赖氨酸的衍生物且由人工合成,在骨科手术的止血中发挥着不容忽视的作用,这是它通过抑制纤溶酶原与赖氨酸上的结合位点来实现的,当氨甲环酸与纤溶酶原上的赖氨酸结合域结合时,可以导致纤溶酶的水平降低,从而阻断与纤维蛋白的相互作用和血凝块的溶解,并以此来发挥止血剂的作用 [5]。TXA已经被广泛应用于各种医疗领域,如心脏外科、妇科、牙科、泌尿外科和肝移植等来减少围术期的失血,并且其在骨科中的应用亦是越来越多 [1]。现本篇综述主要就TXA在骨科手术围术期的止血作用、给药方式、可能出现的副作用、与其他药物的联合使用应用和其潜在价值展开讨论,目的在于进一步明确TXA在骨科中的作用机制,为在骨科中的进一步广泛使用作参考。

2. 氨甲环酸在骨科手术中的止血作用

2.1. 脊柱外科手术

随着脊柱外科手术复杂度的增加,加之脊柱手术中的出血可能会导致硬膜外血肿的形成,从而导致脊髓或马尾的压迫,椎管内几毫升的血肿即有可能造成相当大的神经损伤,故而控制围手术期的出血已经成为脊柱外科医师需要关注问题的重中之重 [2]。

2.1.1. 脊柱侧弯的手术治疗中

脊柱侧弯是脊柱的一种病理状态,它在儿童群体中,尤其是在青少年女性中发病率很高,当青少年特发性后脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS)的Cobb角大于45˚到50˚时,则建议手术治疗 [6],而手术中的出血是不可避免的。在Takahiro Hideshima等 [7] 的研究中,他们调查了44名因AIS而需要进行后路脊柱融合术(posterior spinal fusion, PSF)的女性患者,11名患者应用了TXA,另外33名患者未应用,结果示使用TXA组总失血量远低于未使用TXA组。并且在Derong Xu等 [8] 研究的TXA在后路腰椎椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion, PLIF)隐性失血量的影响中,TXA组患者无论是在隐性失血量还是在总失血量皆比对照组要少,应用TXA可以减少后路腰椎椎间融合术围手术期的出血量。由此可见,TXA在后脊柱手术中的止血作用已是非常明显。

2.1.2. 脊髓型颈椎病的手术治疗中

脊髓型颈椎病(Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, CSM)是一种可导致神经功能进行性恶化的颈椎退行性疾病,通常需要椎管扩大的手术来阻止其症状的进展,颈椎板成形术(Cervical laminoplasty, LP)和椎板切除术(Cervical laminectomy, LF)则是治疗此病较好的手术方式 [9]。在一项关于TXA减少颈椎椎板成形术失血的前瞻性随机对照研究中,TXA组患者与对照组患者在围手术期中的失血量是相似的,但是在其术后的16个小时的时间里TXA组的失血明显少于对照组,然而在术后的16到40个小时的时间里两组的失血量又没有显著差异,这说明TXA可以减少颈椎椎板成形术的围术期失血量,主要作用时间在术后 [2]。另外在一项TXA对颈椎椎板切除术伴侧块螺钉固定和植骨失血量影响的回顾性观察研究中,TXA组在术中和术后的失血量都比对照组要少 [1]。

综上,TXA在大型脊柱外科手术中减少围术期失血发挥着重要作用。

2.2. 关节外科手术

全关节置换术(Total joint arthroplasty, TKA/THA)是治疗中重度退行性膝关节或髋关节病变和骨关节炎疼痛的重要手术方法 [10]。近年来全关节置换术的手术量是持续增加的。并且人到老年时,骨密度会降低,低能量的撞击也会造成骨折 [11] [12],此时关节置换术重要而又不可避免,而控制围术期的失血更是至关重要。在Zhang等人 [13] 研究的174例行全髋关节置换术(Total hip arthroplasty, THA)患者中,TXA组的86例患者的输血率、术后失血量、总失血量以及引流量均显著低于对照组的88例患者。并且在Álvaro López-Hualda等 [14] 的研究中,在全膝关节置换术(Total knee arthroplasty, TKA)中,局部应用TXA组和静脉滴注TXA组的总失血量比不给予药物的对照组均低。同时,因关节置换术后翻修手术和更高的死亡率、更长的住院时间、更高的再入院率和更高的输血率密切相关 [11]。有研究表明,翻修全膝关节置换术失血量(1231 ml)明显高于初次手术的失血量(954 ml) [15],故翻修手术中的失血也是骨科医师面临的一重大难题。在一项全髋关节或膝关节置换术后翻修手术的研究中结果显示,两次静脉注射1 g剂量的TXA可以减少全髋关节置换术后翻修手术的术后出血和全膝关节置换术后翻修手术的输血率以及两种翻修手术的住院时间 [11]。TXA在关节外科围术期中的止血作用由此可见一斑。

2.3. 创伤骨科手术

失血是创伤患者可预防的主要的早期死亡原因,并且由严重创伤导致的急性创伤性凝血病(Acute traumatic coagulopathy, ATC)则可加重出血 [16]。有研究者建议在有条件的医院,住院的严重创伤出血患者的管理治疗中尽早使用TXA [17],同时TXA院前给药与较高的生存率相关 [18],此效果与TXA的止血作用有着密切联系。TXA在上下肢骨折的手术中应用亦是十分广泛,已有研究证明在肱骨近端骨折行切开复位内固定术(Open reduction–internal fixation, ORIF)或反向肩关节成形术(Reverse shoulder arthroplasty, RSA)中应用TXA。与对照组相比,实验组的平均总失血量更少 [19]。在另一项单盲随机对照研究中,TXA应用于股骨转子间骨折的手术中可以显著降低术中、隐性和总失血量的风险 [20]。

3. 给药方式

在骨科手术中TXA的给药方式有多种,其中静脉注射的有效止血作用已被许多研究证明,不再赘述,现就TXA在骨科手术中的口服、静脉联合口服、局部用药、静脉注射联合局部用药和关节内注射所产生的止血效果及其优劣进行探讨。

3.1. 口服

在Charles C. Yu等人 [21] 开展的一项单中心随机前瞻性研究中,在进行胸腰椎融合术时分别以口服与静脉注射的方式应用TXA。实验结果表明,总的来说,静脉注射组与口服组在失血量、红细胞压积下降、术后输血率、引流量、住院时间和并发症方面均无统计学差异。但是,在其亚组分析中3到5节脊柱融合术中口服组的失血量比静脉注射组要少,而在其他节段(1到2节、大于5节)则无差异。而在Zhang等人 [22] 的研究中,侧凸患者围手术期中大剂量口服与静脉应用TXA止血效果相同。从这里可以得出,口服与静脉应用TXA有同样的止血作用,甚至口服比静脉的止血效果更好。

3.2. 静脉联合口服

一项临床研究结果表明,与在全膝关节置换术中静脉注射TXA相比,静脉注射加术后1到14天口服TXA的患者失血量、肿胀和瘀斑更少 [23]。但Paul Magill等人研究发现,在全髋关节置换术中,术中静脉注射1 g TXA加术后24小时口服TXA并没有比单纯围术期静脉注射1 g TXA减少出血量,二者都减少约38%的出血量,其术后24小时加用口服给药的效果并不明显 [24]。静脉联合口服TXA有明显的止血作用,但是否优于单纯静脉给药并未明确,这可能与口服TXA的频次和时间有关。

3.3. 局部

Kethy M. Jules-Elysee等人 [25] 的研究发现,局部应用与静脉注射TXA有相似的止血作用和抗纤溶特性,并且在术中或松解止血带后1小时内两种用药方式的的全身纤维蛋白溶解的程度相差无几,但在松解止血带后4小时,静脉组则显著低于局部用药组,这可能与两次静脉注射TXA有关,而局部用药只可在术中应用。并且,局部用药组的总失血量是高于静脉组的。局部与静脉应用TXA的效果优劣尚还未知,这与局部用药的局限性有关。

3.4. 静脉联合局部

静脉与局部联合应用TXA有更好的止血效果。以60岁以上需进行2节段腰椎融合术的老年患者为选定人群,Jianjiang Li等人 [26] 研究发现静脉联合局部用药的总失血量和输血率明显低于静脉注射组、局部组以及对照组。同时,也有研究证明在股骨转子间骨折手术治疗中,静脉联合局部给予TXA在减少失血方面更加有效 [27]。

3.5. 关节内注射

Safeer Ahmed等人 [28] 研究发现,在全膝关节置换术中关节内注射组的失血量明显低于静脉注射组。而在另一项研究中关节内注射组和静脉注射组的总失血量没有显著差异,但静脉注射组的引流量更少 [29]。关节内与静脉注射TXA止血作用优劣仍值得继续研究。

4. 副作用

血栓栓塞是骨科医师十分关注的问题,TXA是否导致此种副作用鲜有报道。现有研究表明关节软骨暴露于浓度大于20 mg/ml的TXA中时会增加软骨细胞的死亡,而低于此浓度则对细胞有保护作用。在一项动物实验结果显示,有限剂量的TXA对关节内健康的软骨细胞没有损害 [30] [31]。同时,局部应用TXA的浓度过高且时间较长时会抑制成纤维细胞的活力并诱导其凋亡,但低浓度则无明显影响 [32]。因此,当暴露于高浓度TXA时细胞会有损害的可能。

5. 其它

5.1. TXA与利伐沙班的联合应用

利伐沙班是活化凝血因子X (FXa)的直接抑制剂,具有抗凝作用,在一项TXA与利伐沙班联合应用于后路腰椎椎间融合术的研究中,两种药物联合应用可明显降低总的失血量和输血率且静脉血栓栓塞和硬膜外血肿的风险也未增加 [33]。TXA与利伐沙班联合应用有显著的止血作用,也可用来预防血栓的形成。

5.2. TXA的潜在价值

5.2.1. TXA可降低关节假体周围感染

有研究表明在需行全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术的患者当天给TXA与在起初的90天的关节假体周围感染率显著减少有关 [34];另一个研究显示TXA的使用可使全膝关节置换术后急性和迟发性关节假体周围感染率降低 [35]。现已初步证明TXA可减少关节假体周围感染的产生。

5.2.2. TXA具有抗炎症作用

Yiting Lei等人的研究表明重复剂量静脉给TXA至24小时在减少失血量的同时,C反应蛋白(CRP)和白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)的产生都显著减少 [36]。由此可初步推断TXA具有抗炎作用。

6. 小结与展望

TXA在骨科手术围手术期中有着明显的止血作用,各种不同的给药方式也展现出其效果,副作用在报告中亦十分少见,与其他药物的联合作用也有初步的研究进展。但因为骨科手术种类的不同以及同种手术作用部位的不同和TXA的不同给药方式而产生的止血效果有着些许差异,并且TXA的最佳给药剂量至今也并未有达成共识。同时在骨科手术中TXA可能出现的罕见副作用、与其他药物的联合应用和潜在价值等方面皆值得继续研究。

基金项目

济宁医学院教师科研扶持基金;项目编号:JYFC2019FKJ123。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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