高强度聚焦超声治疗晚期胰腺癌的研究进展
Research Progress of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in the Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141066, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 94  浏览: 174 
作者: 刘 畅, 陈 庆, 王槐志*:重庆医科大学,重庆;中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研究院,重庆;中国科学院大学重庆学院,重庆;重庆市人民医院肝胆胰腺外科,重庆
关键词: 高强度聚焦超声晚期胰腺癌生存获益High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Survival Benefit
摘要: 高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)在胰腺癌治疗中的应用受到越来越广泛的关注。利用快速升温至破坏肿瘤细胞水平的超声束,HIFU可以选择性地切除目标病变且极小程度地损伤胰腺周围正常组织。大量研究表明了HIFU治疗的安全性、有效性,可以单独使用或结合全身放化疗治疗晚期胰腺癌。它能有效缓解胰腺癌相关腹痛,带来额外的生存获益,且很少有明显的并发症。本文就HIFU技术进行了简要概述,描述了其在晚期胰腺癌治疗中的临床应用,总结了近年来针对HIFU治疗晚期胰腺癌的多项研究,并讨论了HIFU在晚期胰腺癌应用中的未来展望及挑战。
Abstract: The application of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has attracted more and more attention. HIFU can selectively remove the target lesions and mini-mally damage the normal tissues around the pancreas by using the ultrasound beam that rapidly heats up to the level of destroying tumor cells. A large number of studies have shown that HIFU is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. HIFU can be used alone or in combination with systemic radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It can effectively alleviate pancreatic cancer related abdominal pain, bring additional survival benefits, and rarely have obvious compli-cations. This paper gives a brief overview of HIFU, describes its clinical application in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, summarizes a number of studies on HIFU in the treatment of ad-vanced pancreatic cancer in recent years, and discusses the future prospects and challenges of HIFU in the application of advanced pancreatic cancer.
文章引用:刘畅, 陈庆, 王槐志. 高强度聚焦超声治疗晚期胰腺癌的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 456-465. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141066

1. 引言

胰腺癌是一种常见的消化系统肿瘤,有着发病隐匿、早期诊断困难、恶性程度高、预后差等特点,大多数胰腺癌病例发现时已是晚期,只有15%~20%的患者可以接受根治性手术,在接受手术治疗的患者中,5年生存率仅为20% [1] ;在无法行手术治疗的患者中,5年生存率 < 1% [2] 。目前无法根治性切除的晚期胰腺癌的标准治疗包括化学疗法、放射疗法或两者的组合,但这些患者的5年生存率 < 5%。对此,近年来也陆续提出了热消融和非热消融技术,包括射频消融、微波消融、高强度聚焦超声、冷冻消融、不可逆电穿孔和图像引导经皮消融 [3] 。

其中,高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU)作为实体恶性肿瘤手术治疗的替代手段受到越来越广泛的关注,其可以通过热效应、机械效应等作用消融包括前列腺、肝、肾、胰腺肿瘤等不同实体瘤 [4] 。HIFU是一种利用高强度超声聚焦于病灶而达到无创消融的技术,与手术治疗相比具有侵入性小、安全性高、可重复等优点 [5] 。中国重庆于2000年首次成功进行HIFU消融治疗晚期胰腺癌 [6] ,其临床结果令人鼓舞。如今许多临床研究表明,HIFU单独或联合其他治疗方式应用于晚期胰腺癌治疗中,有着缓解癌性疼痛、减小肿瘤体积、延长生存时间、调节抗肿瘤免疫等优势 [7] 。本文就HIFU近年来在晚期胰腺癌治疗中的研究进展作一综述,以期为临床开展晚期胰腺癌的HIFU治疗提供参考。

2. HIFU治疗的基本原理

2.1. 热效应

利用高强度超声使靶区内的温度快速升高至55℃到100℃,导致靶区内肿瘤细胞的蛋白质凝固性坏死,肿瘤组织发生坏死、液化及纤维化,而病灶边界处存在的温度梯度使目标肿瘤组织与正常组织之间出现明显分解,从而实现手术切除目的 [8] 。在大多数HIFU治疗的应用中,目标是诱导肿瘤细胞因热损伤而坏死。然而,一些研究报道HIFU还可以通过高温诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,即亚致死性热损伤:在低于热坏死的热剂量下,肿瘤细胞的细胞核产生自我破坏、释放各种细胞因子,从而导致细胞凋亡 [9] 。在不同温度的热效应下,肿瘤血管的结构和功能发生损伤性变化,导致其血流减少、血栓形成、营养及氧气缺乏,从而增强对肿瘤组织的破坏 [10] 。

2.2. 机械效应

超声波通过肿瘤组织传播时,可引起组织各层的相对位移和流体的定向运动或微流,由微流产生的高剪切力会对细胞膜造成瞬时损伤,导致细胞内蛋白质变性、DNA等大分子降解,从而引起肿瘤组织损伤坏死 [11] 。

2.3. 空化效应

即高强度声脉冲在声场中传播时,存在于亚细胞器中的小气态核和组织中的液体迅速膨胀、收缩继而破裂,在破裂过程中,声压、剪切应力以及随后的高温会导致靶组织的局部破坏 [12] 。此外,空化效应还可以暂时改变细胞形态,导致膜蛋白及离子通道功能障碍,从而改变神经元的兴奋性和动作电位的传导,通过神经调节中枢或周围神经系统中的有害刺激来缓解疼痛 [13] 。

2.4. 生物学效应

一些研究表明,HIFU治疗可以通过激活炎症细胞诱导细胞因子产生,例如刺激Kupffer细胞分泌白细胞介素-1 (IL-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-a (TNF-a)增加、循环中的干扰素-c (IFN-c)水平和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平升高 [14] 。这些细胞因子具有体内抗肿瘤活性并可增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡,同时它们可能具有直接的细胞毒性作用,例如诱导肿瘤内皮损伤和使肿瘤细胞对热效应引起的损伤更敏感 [15] 。而且经HIFU治疗后,患者的免疫系统可能对肿瘤细胞更敏感,这可能有助于防止治疗前抗肿瘤免疫功能障碍的癌症患者局部复发 [16] 。

3. HIFU治疗应用于胰腺癌的优势

近年来,我国在临床应用中积累了近万次HIFU消融治疗恶性肿瘤的经验,而胰腺癌,尤其是晚期胰腺癌治疗,已逐渐被认为是HIFU治疗的最佳适应证之一。同时,HIFU技术契合了胰腺癌的特点,展现出其独特优势:1) HIFU治疗不需要穿刺,不会造成肿瘤的血行播散,且HIFU的能量不会对直径大于0.2 mm的血管产生影响,避免了手术切除时可能发生的出血事件 [17] ;2) 胰腺位于腹膜后,其他微创手段(如射频消融术等)较难达到病灶,且胰腺不会随着呼吸运动而移动,有利于HIFU定位和实时监测 [18] ;3) 大多数胰腺肿瘤缺乏血液供应,这会减弱化疗药物的作用 [19] 。同时,因其纤维成分多,利于能量沉积,避免了HIFU治疗过程中的热量损失,从而迅速达到目标温度破坏肿瘤组织;4) HIFU治疗可以在患者完全清醒或轻度麻醉下进行,其无创性和安全性保证了胰腺癌患者接受治疗的可持续性和可重复性,对于一般情况差、无法耐受手术的患者,也可通过HIFU行局部治疗。另外,大量临床研究证实了HIFU治疗作为一种无创局部治疗胰腺癌手段有着广阔的应用前景,并能有效缓解癌性疼痛、减小肿瘤体积、延长生存时间以及调节抗肿瘤免疫。

3.1. 缓解癌性疼痛

近80%的胰腺癌患者有着严重的腹部或背部疼痛,严重影响他们的生活质量 [20] 。其治疗措施包括阿片类药物镇痛或腹腔神经丛阻滞,但经常使用阿片类镇痛剂可能导致耐药性、成瘾性及药效降低等副作用,而经皮腹腔神经丛阻滞对疼痛控制的长期效果有限 [21] 。从姑息治疗的角度来看,迫切需要新的替代疗法来镇痛。而HIFU治疗可以使胰腺癌组织纤维化和体积缩小,可以减轻肿瘤对附近神经的压迫及恶性浸润从而减轻疼痛,并且组织加热会破坏损伤性神经纤维并降低其密度,导致局部去神经化而缓解疼痛 [22] 。在H.M. Strunk [23] 等的研究中,15名胰腺癌患者接受HIFU治疗后,其中80%的患者(n = 12)在治疗后24~48小时内疼痛明显减轻,并且对于10名在HIFU治疗之前需要每天长期服药来控制疼痛的患者,他们的药物剂量在干预后减少了至少一半,2名患者甚至可以完全停用阿片类镇痛药。而在其他类似研究中的结果显示,经HIFU治疗的85%的患者获得了早期而持久的疼痛缓解,镇痛效果持续时间可达几个月,并且可以减少止痛药的使用 [24] [25] 。

3.2. 减小肿瘤体积

大量临床实践发现,HIFU治疗胰腺癌后,肿瘤体积虽不能立即缩小,但肿瘤病灶内血供减少、肿瘤细胞缺血坏死,肿瘤组织仍可逐渐缩小。Marinova [7] 等研究中13名胰腺癌患者接受了HIFU治疗,治疗6周后平均肿瘤体积缩小34.2%,3个月后平均肿瘤体积缩小63.9%。H.M. Strunk [23] 等使用HIFU治疗了15例局部晚期不可手术胰腺癌的患者,对比增强成像显示治疗的肿瘤区域血管减少,3个月后肿瘤平均体积减少63.8%。Wang [26] 等回顾性分析了46例晚期胰腺癌患者(III期18例,IV期28例)经HIFU治疗后的临床获益,其中MR增强图像显示38例患者的肿瘤病灶消融达到90%~100%。由此可见,HIFU能够有效实现胰腺癌的局部消融,控制肿瘤生长,减轻肿瘤负荷。

3.3. 延长生存时间

除了局部肿瘤控制和减少癌性疼痛外,HIFU治疗还可有效延长患者的无进展生存期和总生存期。在Vidal [27] 等研究的病例系列中,用HIFU治疗的晚期胰腺癌患者,观察到中位生存期达到了13个月。Wang [28] 等随访了HIFU治疗的40例晚期胰腺癌患者(III期13例;IV期27例),经HIFU治疗后所有患者的中位总生存期为8个月,6个月和1年生存率分别为58.8%和30.1%,且随访期间未观察到严重并发症。另外一些研究报告的中位生存期为6至11个月,中位进展时间为5至8.4个月,HIFU治疗后的一年生存率达到30.8至42% [29] [30] 。因此,对于失去手术机会的晚期胰腺癌患者,HIFU提供了一种有效、安全的治疗方式,为延长生存时间提供了新的希望,有望未来作为晚期胰腺癌的姑息性治疗手段,在临床实践中得到更多应用。

3.4. 调节抗肿瘤免疫

胰腺癌患者预后不良的一个重要原因是其致密的纤维化间质,占肿瘤总质量的90%,这增加了肿瘤中的间质压力,使血管系统塌陷,并减少了药物和效应免疫细胞的渗透 [31] 。胰腺癌通常被认为是免疫学上的“冷肿瘤”,在抗肿瘤免疫中,NK细胞、CD4+T和CD8+T细胞等免疫细胞可显著影响胰腺癌患者的生存率 [32] 。越来越多的动物研究表明,HIFU治疗后产生大量肿瘤碎片导致肿瘤抗原暴露并刺激抗肿瘤细胞因子产生,调节宿主抗肿瘤免疫。Yang等 [33] 使用HIFU治疗植入小鼠体内的C1300神经母细胞瘤,然后再次激发相同的肿瘤细胞。与对照组相比,在经HIFU治疗的小鼠中观察到再植入肿瘤的生长明显减慢,小鼠的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)和激活的肿瘤特异性CTLs的数量显著增加。这表明HIFU治疗可激活肿瘤特异性T淋巴细胞,从而在小鼠中诱导抗肿瘤细胞免疫。使用小鼠肝细胞癌模型,Zhang等 [34] 证明,由HIFU诱导的剩余肿瘤碎片可能具有免疫原性,可作为一种有效的疫苗来引发肿瘤特异性免疫反应,包括诱导CTL细胞毒活性、增强树突状细胞(DC)的激活。此外,HIFU可以上调热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)的体内外分子表达,这些分子伴侣可以增强肿瘤细胞的免疫原性,从而产生有效的细胞免疫反应 [35] 。Wu等 [36] 观察了16例实体恶性肿瘤患者在HIFU治疗前后循环NK、T淋巴细胞和亚群的变化。结果表明,HIFU治疗后,CD4+T淋巴细胞的数量(p < 0.01)和CD4+/CD8+ (p < 0.05)显著增加,患者外周血中的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、转化生长因子(TGF)等免疫抑制因子水平显著降低,提示HIFU可以减轻肿瘤诱导的免疫抑制,并更新宿主抗肿瘤免疫。

4. HIFU治疗应用于胰腺癌的不足

4.1. 并发症

尽管HIFU被认为是一种低风险手术,与其他疗法相比副作用很少,但仍有各种HIFU相关并发症发生。包括与邻近器官或超声束路径的热损伤,如皮肤烧伤和肠道或神经损伤,这些可能与靶区附近敏感结构的过度加热及靶病变较浅区域不必要的深度穿透有关 [37] 。在一项研究报道中,1717名患者中有3.1%出现了皮肤烧伤和皮下组织硬结,其他相关问题包括胰腺炎(1.9%)和糖尿病(1.3%)、黄疸加重(0.6%)、出血(0.1%)、肠系膜上动脉闭塞(0.06%)、肝脓肿(0.06%)、脂肪泻(0.8%)、胃肠功能障碍(0.8%)和椎体损伤(0.1%) [38] 。随着HIFU治疗技术的不断完善成熟,严重并发症越来越少见;并且,系统规范的诊疗及护理方案也给患者带来了安全保障。

4.2. 局限性

HIFU的主要局限性主要与超声成像引导有关,比如声影、混响、折射和其他声学伪影。因胰腺为腹膜后器官,胃肠道气体影响超声定位和治疗精确性,为了减少声影伪影,HIFU治疗前通常需要进行充分的肠道准备以减少气泡及特定的无渣饮食,这也造成其成本高和治疗时间长 [4] 。另外,由于胰腺周围有胃肠、大血管等重要组织脏器,为了避免损伤,单纯的HIFU治疗只能在安全范围内对胰腺肿瘤进行部分消融,有时难以做到完全覆盖治疗,导致肿瘤消融不彻底 [39] 。故目前单纯HIFU治疗仅作为局部胰腺癌的姑息性治疗手段,存在一定局限性。

5. HIFU单独应用于胰腺癌

目前已有大量HIFU单独治疗胰腺癌的临床研究报道,其共同点是:HIFU治疗是一种有效、安全、微创的胰腺癌治疗方法,可以改善患者生活质量、缓解胰腺癌症状。Marinova [40] 等对50例晚期胰腺癌患者进行了HIFU治疗,胰腺癌引起的腹痛在84%的患者中得到显著缓解,治疗6周后肿瘤体积缩小(37.8 ± 18.1)%,治疗6个月后缩小(57.9 ± 25.9)%,干预后中位总生存期和无进展生存期分别为8.3个月和6.8个月。而在Marinova [29] 等的另一项研究中80例晚期胰腺癌患者接受了HIFU治疗,对其进行疗效评价显示,HIFU治疗后3个月及6个月后的患者整体健康状况显着改善(p = 0.02),主要症状如疼痛(6个月时p = 0.04)、疲劳(3个月时p = 0.03,6个月时p = 0.01)和食欲不振(6个月时p = 0.01),可以有效显著地缓解疼痛(p < 0.001)。Orsi [41] 等报道了6例不可切除胰腺癌患者使用HIFU的初步经验。经治疗后,其中5例PET/CT图像显示胰腺肿瘤完全消融,所有患者均得到疼痛缓解,中位生存期为7个月,1年和2年生存率分别为42.9%和21.4%。并在9个月的随访中实现了局部疾病控制和症状缓解,没有任何并发症。上述研究均提示单独HIFU治疗对于晚期胰腺癌具有独特优势,可以延长患者的生存期及提高生活质量,并且能够重复进行治疗。

6. HIFU联合化疗应用于胰腺癌

目前化疗是不可切除的晚期胰腺癌患者的首选方法,mFOLFIRINOX方案(5-氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸钙、伊立替康和奥沙利铂)、吉西他滨、吉西他滨 + 白蛋白结合型紫杉醇等方案已成为胰腺癌治疗的主要手段,可有效提高生存时间 [42] ,但1年生存率仅为约18%~20%,5年生存率 < 10% [43] 。胰腺肿瘤组织周围间质增生显著,其坚硬的纤维化“外壳”限制了化疗药物渗入 [44] 。此外,一项研究表明,单独化疗对缓解疼痛不是很有效,并会导致严重的不良反应,如骨髓抑制及消化道反应 [45] 。因此单独化疗对晚期胰腺癌的治疗仍有不足,而HIFU联合化疗应用于胰腺癌治疗的临床研究得以广泛开展。最近的研究表明,HIFU可能与化疗具有协同作用,其增强化疗疗效的机制有以下几种可能:在HIFU的热效应和机械效应下,使对化疗药物不敏感的肿瘤细胞的细胞膜通透性增加,提高细胞代谢并增强化疗药物的细胞毒性;热消融减少了癌细胞的数量,导致循环中癌细胞诱导的免疫抑制因子减少 [46] ;肿瘤细胞的机械诱导损伤会导致抗原释放,从而促进癌症特异性免疫反应 [47] 。Lv [48] 等得出研究结论,HIFU联合化疗组的疼痛缓解率(65.2% vs 31.8%)和生存率(73.9% vs 40.9%, p < 0.05)较单独化疗组显著提高。Li [49] 等人报告了类似的结果,包括联合治疗组有着明显更长的总生存期(10.3个月vs 6.6个月)、无进展生存期(5.1个月vs 2.3个月),及更显著的客观肿瘤反应(26.2% vs 8.5%)和疼痛缓解率(57% vs 20%)。Tao [50] 等对47例接受HIFU联合Gemox治疗的胰腺癌患者进行了回顾性分析,结果显示疾病控制率(DCR)为76.3%、临床获益率(CBR)为68.4%,中位总生存期(OS)为12.5个月,6个月和12个月的OS率分别为82.13%和59.34%。Atsushi [51] 等比较了单纯化疗和HIFU联合化疗对晚期胰腺癌的疗效,在176例PC患者中,89例为III期,87例为IV期。肿瘤完全消融率为90.3%,症状缓解率为66.7%。HIFU联合化疗与单纯化疗的中位生存时间分别为648天和288天(p < 0.001)。与单纯化疗相比,HIFU联合化疗可明显延长患者的预后HIFU联合化疗可增强化疗疗效,其高安全性也为晚期胰腺癌患者提供了更多治疗选择。然而目前的研究数据仍不足以推动HIFU联合化疗在临床中的大量应用,未来应进行更大样本量的前瞻性研究,以进一步明确和完善HIFU与化疗联合治疗在胰腺癌中的应用。

7. HIFU联合放疗应用于胰腺癌

一方面,由于胰周器官(例如十二指肠、肝、胃)对放射的耐受性较差,无法以足够的放射剂量作用于胰腺癌组织,因此对单独放疗在胰腺癌的治疗中受到限制,不建议单独使用 [52] ;另一方面,HIFU可以大幅降低肿瘤负荷,但可能会在肿瘤周围留下少量残留物,从而导致复发或转移,联合放射治疗可有效解决这一问题。因此,HIFU与放疗相结合能否提供最佳治疗效果需要进一步研究。Zhou [53] 等研究认为,放疗联合HIFU具有协同作用,HIFU焦点外的热量可以起到热疗的作用,能够在一定程度上抑制肿瘤血管的生长,导致肿瘤细胞损伤和缺氧,增加细胞毒性,提高放射治疗的敏感性。此外,被杀灭的肿瘤细胞还可以起到原位瘤苗的作用刺激机体免疫功能。并回顾性分析了197例HIFU联合放疗及3022例单纯HIFU治疗晚期胰腺癌的病例,研究结果提示在疼痛缓解率(65.91% vs 29.65%)、完全缓解率(27.84% vs 3.76%)、部分缓解率(38.07% vs 25.89%)方面,联合组明显高于单纯组。Yu Jiang Li [54] 等让16名LAPC患者在HIFU治疗1周后开始接受HIFU联合放疗,发现癌性疼痛得到明显缓解,血清CA-199水平从102.1 U/ml降至60.8 U/ml,中位总生存期达到14个月。结果提示HIFU与放疗相结合具有治疗简单、PR率较高、生存期延长等明显优势,在不良反应方面,联合治疗减少了外照射剂量,放疗相关并发症减少,而与放化疗相比,毒性和治疗周期大大降低。对于无法手术治疗的晚期胰腺癌患者,放疗与HIFU具有协同增效作用,二者联合使用为近期控制病灶进展、改善患者的生存质量提供了更有效的治疗手段。

8. HIFU联合免疫治疗应用于胰腺癌

近年来,HIFU在诱导宿主免疫反应、抑制肿瘤活性和下调肿瘤标志物方面的作用引起了人们的关注。研究表明,HIFU不仅可直接破坏肿瘤组织,还能刺激机体释放肿瘤抗原、激活免疫反应并缓解肿瘤相关免疫抑制、控制肿瘤微转移,为胰腺癌的免疫治疗提供了新的希望。Wu等 [36] 利用HIFU治疗16例实体恶性肿瘤患者,发现患者循环中CD4+T细胞及CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值显著增加;该课题组研究还发现HIFU治疗后肿瘤抗原能诱导DC成熟,致敏DC能够刺激脾淋巴细胞增殖,增强CTL及NK细胞的细胞毒作用及分泌能力 [55] 。Zhou等 [56] 针对15例实体恶性肿瘤患者的研究结果显示,接受HIFU治疗后患者血清血管内皮生长因子、转录生长因子-β1和β2的水平显著下降,表明HIFU治疗有利于减轻免疫抑制,恢复抗肿瘤免疫。钟国成等 [57] 利用HIFU联合树突状细胞–细胞因子杀伤细胞过继免疫治疗胰腺癌患者,证明该疗法能改善患者的生活质量、降低肿瘤标志物水平、延长生存时间等,是一种有效的胰腺癌治疗手段。目前已有大量研究数据表明HIFU治疗后能激发机体产生特异性免疫作用,但关于HIFU的免疫相关研究尚处在早期阶段,仍需要未来更多的研究探讨评估HIFU联合免疫治疗在未来胰腺癌治疗中的可行性。

9. HIFU治疗胰腺癌的展望与不足

HIFU是不可切除胰腺癌的新兴疗法,其高安全性、无创性等独特优势为老年、体弱患者、合并症患者以及对常规治疗不耐受的患者提供了更多选择。大量临床研究对其进行了技术安全性和可行性评估,临床结果表明HIFU治疗是安全有效、可重复的胰腺癌治疗方法。与放射治疗和微创热消融方法相比,HIFU直接引起的并发症发生率相对较低,轻度并发症包括腹痛、恶心呕吐、皮肤灼伤和皮下脂肪硬化。但是,如果靶区肿瘤离十二指肠和胆管太近,则应考虑HIFU极大增加肠穿孔和胆漏的风险。目前应用HIFU治疗的肿瘤组织与相邻正常组织之间没有确切的安全距离,因此需要在动物模型中进一步研究。此外,目前对HIFU治疗剂量尚无统一标准,其联合其他治疗的可行性及安全性仍缺乏大规模、多中心临床数据分析结果。总之,HIFU可以安全有效地单独或联合其他方法应用于胰腺癌治疗,缩小肿瘤体积、缓解癌症相关疼痛、显著提高生活质量,具有进一步临床研究和技术改进的巨大潜力。然而,仍需要进行大规模、前瞻性、多中心的随机临床试验来评估HIFU治疗的长期疗效及安全性,并确定该技术在胰腺癌应用中的未来作用。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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