电子心力测量法无创血流动力学在评估早产儿心功能中的应用
Application of Electronic Cardiac Force Measurement Method in Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Evaluation of Cardiac Function in Premature Infants
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142374, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 48  浏览: 119 
作者: 马 敏, 李明霞*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院新生儿科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 电子心力测量法早产儿无创血流动力学应用价值Electronic Cardiac Force Measurement Method Premature Infants Non-Invasive Hemodynamics Application Value
摘要: 目的:评估电子心力测量法(electrical cardiometry, EC)在早产儿心功能中的应用价值。方法:前瞻性选取2023年1月~2023年10月新疆医科大学第一附属医院新生儿科100例危重早产儿为研究组,50例无需呼吸机治疗的早产儿为对照组。所有早产儿在生后3天及7天均应用电子心力测量法监测心输出量(cardiac output, CO)及每搏输出量(stroke volume, SV)、心脏指数(cardiac index, CI)、心肌收缩力(ICON)、胸腔液体容量(thoracic fluid content, TFC)、外周血管阻力(systemic vascular resistance, SVR);同时使用多普勒超声心动图法测定CO,分析两组血流动力学指标的变化情况,对比评价两种测量方法。结果:两组早产儿EC法或超声心动图均监测CO处于升高趋势;两组早产儿CO水平比较,研究组明显低于对照组患儿;其余血流动力学指标中,研究组的SV、CI、ICON均低于对照组,SVR、TFC明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);CO在两种测量方法中差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:EC法与超声心动图价值相当,可在床旁早期快速评估血流动力学状态及趋势变化,对于危重早产儿临床诊治有一定的价值。
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the application value of electronic cardiac force measurement (Electrical Cardiometry, EC) in evaluating cardiac function in premature infants. Method: A prospective study was conducted on 100 critically ill premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2023 to October 2023, and 50 prem-ature infants in the general neonatal department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University who did not require ventilator treatment at the same time were selected as the control group. All preterm infants used electronic cardiac force measurement at 3 and 7 days after birth to monitor cardiac output (cardiac Output, CO) and the output per stroke volume (stroke volume, SV), the cardiac index (cardiac index, CI), myocardial contractility (ICON), pleural fluid volume (thoracic fluid content, TFC), peripheral vascular resistance (systemic vascular resistance, SVR); CO using Doppler echocardiography, Analyzing the changes of the hemodynamic indexes in the two groups, Comparative evaluation of the two measurement methods. Result: Both groups of premature in-fants showed an increasing trend of CO with increasing age after birth, whether detected by EC method or echocardiography (P < 0.05); The CO levels of two groups of premature infants were compared, and the study group was significantly lower than the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05); Among the other hemodynamic indicators, the SV, CI, and ICON of the study group were lower than those of the control group, while SVR and TFC were significantly higher than those of the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05); There was no statisti-cally significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two measurement methods for measuring CO on the same day. Conclusion: The EC method has a good correlation with echocardiography and can be used to monitor the trend changes of hemodynamic indicators in premature infants. It can quickly evaluate the hemodynamic status at the bedside and has certain value for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of critically ill premature infants.
文章引用:马敏, 李明霞. 电子心力测量法无创血流动力学在评估早产儿心功能中的应用[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 2665-2670. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142374

1. 引言

心输出量(cardiac output, CO)的定量监测是血流动力学监测中的重大进步,尤其是新生儿重症监护室(NICU)中的危重早产儿,该指标具有极其重要的意义,可以直接的反应心脏功能,数值有利于指导临床治疗。因此,准确且及时地测量CO及其他相关血流动力学指标对临床工作十分重要 [1] 。从最早的肺动脉漂浮导管(PAC),到脉搏指示心输出量的监测(PICCO)、部分二氧化碳重呼吸技术测定心输出量(NICO)以及超声多普勒技术,都能进行CO的监测,对临床的血流动力学调整起了很大的作用。PAC作为金标准,因其侵入性和潜在的风险等不适用于早产儿,临床中常使用经胸超声心动图 [2] ,但其专业要求较高 [3] ,无法及时、持续监测循环情况,而电子心力测量法(electrical cardiometry, EC)可无创、快速、方便、可持续性监测CO,适用于危重早产儿。目前国内外对于EC法监测早产儿心输出量的准确性仍存在争议 [4] [5] [6] [7] ,国内研究表明EC法可以及时反应危重患儿的血流动力学变化 [8] ,与超声心动图应用效果相当,可以指导临床决策 [9] [10] ,EC法能显示出良好的CO趋势分析能力,这也与Oswin Grollmuss等人研究 [4] 一致。但是,Mohammad Ahmad Hassa等人研究 [6] 发现两种测量方法监测低出生体重儿的CO具有高偏倚且缺乏一致性,由于两种结果存在差异,故本研究旨在进一步评估电子心力测量法在早产儿心功能的应用价值及与常规经胸超声心动图监测方法的对比分析。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 资料来源

前瞻性选取2023年1月至10月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院新生儿科治疗的100例危重早产儿为研究组,选取同时间50例无需呼吸机治疗的早产儿为对照组。

2.1.1. 纳入标准

① 28周 ≤ 出生胎龄 < 37周,生后24小时内入住新生儿科;② 生后1周内使用呼吸机治疗;③经过我院伦理委员会审批同意;④ 病例资料完整,家属知情且同意此次检查。

2.1.2. 排除标准

① 严重的先天性心脏畸形或遗传代谢病;② 母亲孕期有心肺等循环方面疾病;③ 检查处于明显的干扰状态(如躁动、呛咳、寒战、肢体抖动) [10] 。

2.2. 研究方法

德国OSYPKA ICONTM无创心输出量仪器测定心输出量,测量时仅当绿色信号质量条指示信号质量指数 ≥ 80%的可靠信号时,记录ICONTM监视器生成的数据,每例早产儿重复测量3次,结果取平均值。采取迈瑞Mindray便携式彩色多普勒超声系统M9同步测定心输出量,由同一名超声诊断科医师执行,同样每例早产儿重复测量3次,结果取平均值。

2.2.1. 电子心力测量法

患儿取仰卧位,四个电极分别位于前额、颈左侧、胸廓外侧、剑突水平腋中线和大腿持续检测胸部电流传导,通过胸腔阻抗法计算出血流动力学参数,获得CO、每搏输出量(Stroke Volume, SV)、心脏指数(Cardiac Index, CI)、心肌收缩力(ICON)、胸腔液体容量(Thoracic Fluid Content, TFC)、外周血管阻力(Systemic Vascular Resistance, SVR)。

2.2.2. 多普勒超声心动图

其原理是用多普勒超声测量左室流出道或主动脉的即时速度。SV可用一次心搏的速度总和[称为速度时间积分(Velocity Time Integral, VTI)]乘以横截面积(Cross Sectional Area, CSA)计算:SV = VTI × CSA,然后再用SV乘以心率计算CO。

2.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件,计量资料用( x ¯ ± s )表示,采用t检验;满足正态分布及方差齐性采用配对t检验,非正正态分布采用配对Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。计数资料用百分比表示,采用X2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组早产儿一般资料比较

两组早产儿胎龄及体重比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性,见表1

Table 1. General information on two groups of premature infants

表1. 两组早产儿的一般资料比较

3.2. 两组早产儿血流动力学指标

研究组的CO、SV、CI、ICON水平低于对照组,TFC、SVR水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表2表3。所有早产儿生后第3天及第7天,CO水平均处于升高趋势(P < 0.05),见表4

Table 2. Comparison of ICON hemodynamic indicators between two groups of premature infants

表2. 两组早产儿ICON血流动力学指标对比

Table 3. Comparison of ICON hemodynamic indicators between two groups of premature infants

表3. 两组早产儿ICON血流动力学指标对比

3.3. 两种测量方法监测CO的对比研究

对比EC法与多普勒超声心动图在第3天或第7天监测研究组早产儿CO水平差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有一致性,见表5

Table 4. Comparison of CO levels between two groups of premature infants at 3 and 7 days after birth

表4. 两组早产儿生后3天及7天CO的比较

Table 5. Comparison of Two Measurement Methods for Monitoring CO in Premature Infants in the Study Group

表5. 两种测量方法监测研究组早产儿的CO比较

4. 讨论

随着多种无创血流动力学监测方法的应运而生,对于新生儿的循环监测不再只是局限于心率和血压。电子心力测量法作为无创心功能监测方法中的一种,对于评估成年人的循环状态具有可接受的准确性和精确度 [11] [12] ,在新生儿人群中因无法与有创心功能监测作比较研究。但是新生儿的循环功能调控相对成人更加复杂,多种因素都可能导致新生儿循环功能紊乱进而导致心功能受损,而早产儿相比足月儿更容易发生心力衰竭、休克 [13] 等不良后果,所以心功能监测在危重早产儿中显得尤其重要。

EC法相较于常规超声心动图可持续性床旁快速监测,通过设置低频高幅电流,分离出循环系统所产生的导电性的相关变化。由于红细胞方向发生变化,收缩时主动脉内的红细胞依照随机方向堆积,电流遇到较大阻力,导电性较低;舒张时的血流引起的红细胞与血流和电流方向平行,导电性较高。对主动脉瓣膜开放前后导电性变化进行分析,获得主动脉血流加速度的峰值与左心室的射血时间,主动脉加速度峰值得出血流速度,再通过Osypka专利公式获得CO [14] ,计算出其余血流动力学指标。

本研究发现,CO随日龄增加呈现增加趋势,研究组危重早产儿CO、SV、CI、ICON明显低于对照组,提示可能受呼吸机影响致循环状态不稳定;研究组TFC、SVR较对照组高,意味着高的组织内液体或者组织间隙水肿或低血容量、休克等病情变化,可以有效指导临床液体管理。两种测量方法测量CO无明显差异,在评估早产儿心功能应用价值相当,表明EC法在临床可以实时、快速的评估血流动力学状态。

本研究有一定的局限性,由于未排除相关混杂因素,例如有创辅助通气通过影响回心血量影响血流动力学指标,也有研究表明贫血会影响电信号强度导致结果的不准确 [15] [16] [17] [18] ,此外,本研究样本量较少,EC法的临床效用性仍有待进一步评估,需进一步大样本多中心研究。

5. 结论

综上所述,EC法不仅与超声心动图价值相当,对于早产人群可实时准确持续评估心功能状态,对循环监测、管理和最终预后产生积极影响 [19] ,值得临床推广应用,将会成为未来新生儿血流动力学监测的首选。

参考文献

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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