IgG4相关肺病一例:病例报告并文献复习
IgG4-Related Lung Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12111438, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 194  浏览: 309 
作者: 何雪琨, 王志强, 丛金鹏, 王美华, 于文成:青岛大学附属医院,呼吸与危重症医学科,山东 青岛;陈云庆:青岛大学附属医院,病理科,山东 青岛
关键词: IgG4相关肺病电视胸腔镜肺癌病例报告IgG4-Associated Lung Disease Thoracoscopy Lung Cancer Case Report
摘要: 目的:IgG4相关疾病(IgG4-RD)的诊断是一项复杂的任务,需要考虑广泛的鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析1例胸部CT表现状似肿瘤的IgG4相关肺病(IgG4-RLD)患者的病史资料、临床表现、实验室检查结果及治疗转归,并进行文献复习。结果:患者为61岁女性,胸部CT发现多发磨玻璃影,无明显症状,既往体健,无烟酒史。入院前已行肿瘤、结核病影像学及血清学筛查,均为阴性。最终电视胸腔镜下切除的肺组织病理结果显示纤维组织增生伴淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,部分区域IgG4+/IgG+细胞比超过40%,符合IgG4相关肺病的诊断标准。给予激素治疗后,患者肺部磨玻璃影吸收明显。结论:IgG4-RLD模拟肺癌甚至二者共病的情况值得重视,临床医生应关注两者的鉴别诊断。
Abstract: Objective: Diagnostic of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a complex task, as a broad spectrum of differential diagnoses needs to be considered. Methods: We reviewed a case of IgG4-associated lung disease (IgG4-RLD) with tumor-like chest CT findings, analyzing the medical history, clinical mani-festations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcome, and also carried out a literature review. Results: A 61-year-old female patient was found to have multiple ground-glass opacities on chest CT without fever, cough, hemoptysis, or weight loss. She was previously healthy and had no history of alcohol or smoking. Imaging and serological screening of tumors and tuberculosis were performed before admission and were all negative. The pathological findings of the resected lung specimen af-ter TV thoracoscopy showed fibrous tissue hyperplasia with high lymphocyte and plasma cell infil-tration and IgG4-positive/IgG-positive cell ratio of more than 40% in some areas, meeting the diag-nostic criteria of IgG4-RLD. After glucocorticoid was treated, the chest CT showed that ground-glass opacity in the right lung was significantly absorbed. Conclusion: IgG4-RLD mimicking lung cancer or even comorbidity deserves attention and clinicians should pay attention to the differential diagno-sis between the two.
文章引用:何雪琨, 王志强, 丛金鹏, 陈云庆, 王美华, 于文成. IgG4相关肺病一例:病例报告并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 9976-9982. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111438

1. 引言

IgG4相关疾病(IgG4-RD)于2003 [1] 年首次被确认为一种独特的疾病。来自日本的研究回顾了235例IgG4-RD患者,发现最常见的表现为胰腺炎(142例,60%),其次是唾液腺炎症(34%)、小管间质性肾炎(23%)、泪腺炎症(23%)和动脉周围炎(20%)。动脉周围炎在男性比唾液腺炎症在女性更常见。在多器官受累的患者血液中IgG4显著升高。皮质类固醇治疗有效,但随后的复发率估计为25%至50%。 [2] 先前的研究表明,10%~50%的IgG4-RD患者可能会出现肺部受累。IgG4-RLD与IgG4-RD累及实体器官不同,其影像表现多样,且肺部经常缺乏典型病理特征 [3] [4],因此诊断和治疗仍面临挑战。本文回顾了一例因影像学高度怀疑肿瘤而行胸腔镜手术的IgG4-RLD患者,并进行了文献复习。

2. 病例报告

现病史:患者为61岁女性,入院10天前被确诊为面神经炎,在治疗过程中查胸部CT发现肺部多发磨玻璃影。她否认发烧、咳嗽、咯血或体重减轻。既往身体健康,无酒精或烟草史,无合并症,无环境或职业暴露。她没有肺部疾病或其他疾病的家族史。入院前因面神经炎曾行激素治疗一周。

查体:生命体征正常。胸部触诊和叩诊正常。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干、湿性啰音。心腹查体无阳性体征,无杵状指,全身浅表淋巴结未触及。其余体检正常。

辅助检查:初始肺小结节三维CT示右肺多发磨玻璃样结节(图1),最大者直径约11 mm,部分病灶边缘不清,可见毛刺征和血管穿行,右肺可见斑片状条索影。放射科认为,右肺多发结节不能完全排除肺癌的可能性。全身骨成像和肿瘤生物标志物检测均未见明显异常。除空腹血糖6.72 mmol/L略有升高外,生化指标均在正常范围内。

右肺上叶尖后段、中叶外侧段、下叶基底段可见多发磨玻璃样斑片影。

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 1. Preoperative chest CT of the patient

图1. 患者术前胸部CT影像

呼吸系统相关检查中,动脉血气分析显示正常,呼吸道病原学检测及TSPOT、传染病检测均阴性,肺功能测试显示FVC为2.68 L (占预计值96%),FEV1为2.38 L (占预计值105%),TLC为4.11 L (占预计值88%),RV/TLC为40%,DLco为19.1 ml/mmHg/min (占预计值94%)。患者FENO检测示33 ppb。

胸外科结合以上结果及患者意愿,行胸腔镜下右侧中上肺叶切除及淋巴结清扫手术。术后病理显示,多灶结节镜下均为增生的纤维组织,淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润较多。免疫组化结果显示,局部IgG4阳性/IgG阳性细胞比例大于40%,局灶性IgG4阳性细胞数大于100/HPF (图2)。最后结合病理及辅助检查结果,我们诊断为IgG4相关性肺部疾病。术后给予糖皮质激素治疗原发病,同时予预防感染、祛痰、抑酸、静脉营养等对症支持治疗,出院后激素改为口服序贯。随访1个月后,胸部CT显示右肺磨玻璃影明显吸收。(图3)

(a) (b) (c) (d)(a):HE染色×100、(b):HE染色×200,结节镜下均为增生的纤维组织内见较多淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润。(c):IgG免疫组织化学染色×400,(d):IgG4免疫组织化学染色×400,IgG4阳性/IgG阳性细胞比例大于40%,局灶IgG4阳性细胞大于100个/HPF

Figure 2. Histopathology of multiple pulmonary nodules resected by thoracoscopy

图2. 胸腔镜下切除的肺部多发结节组织病理图

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 3. Postoperative chest CT images

图3. 患者术后复查胸部CT影像

可见右肺多发斑片影较前明显吸收好转。

3. 讨论

IgG4-RLD的临床特征尚不明确。患者可表现为咳嗽、发热、胸痛、劳力性呼吸困难等,高达75%的患者无症状,仅可通过胸部影像学异常发现。IgG4-RLD的诊断标准包括血清学和组织学、胸部影像学,这与其他脏器受累时的诊断一样。以前的诊断标准要求血清IgG4浓度升高(>135 mg/dl)。但在最近的一项研究中,IgG4通常被认为是一种抗炎抗体,因为它可以进行Fab片段交换并限制免疫复合物的形成 [5]。血清IgG4的升高常见于以慢性免疫激活为标志的多种疾病 [6],但并不被认为是诊断IgG4-RD的必要条件。 [7] 其主要的病理学诊断标准如下:

1) 淋巴细胞和浆细胞明显浸润和纤维化;

2) IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润:IgG4+/IgG+细胞比值 > 40%,IgG4+浆细胞 > 10/HPF。 [3] [5]

IgG4-RLD的病理与实性器官(如胰腺或肾脏)的病理不同。典型的IgG4-RLD的席纹状(Storiform)纤维化和血管闭塞在其引发的弥漫性肺损害如间质性肺疾病中通常不明显或不存在。 [8] 支气管血管束增厚是CT上的特征性病变,表现为沿支气管及血管方向走行。其他影像学特征包括肺结节、磨玻璃影、胸膜增厚和间质性肺病 [9] [10]。如有其他器官受累可增加诊断的可靠性。

IgG4相关疾病与许多疾病有临床相似之处,包括囊性纤维化、反复感染、自身免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤、免疫缺陷、血管炎和特发性间质性肺炎 [11] [12]。其他鉴别诊断包括Castleman病、Rosai-Dorfman病、肉芽肿性疾病(包括结节病)和许多其他良性肺肿瘤 [13]。因此,IgG4-RLD应是排除性诊断。

患有IgG4-RD的患者整体患癌的风险较高,尤其是胰腺癌和淋巴瘤。其可能的假设包括慢性炎症刺激和免疫系统功能障碍。另一种观点认为IgG4-RD的表现可能是一种副肿瘤综合征。 [14]。IgG4-RD合并肿瘤近年来引起了人们的关注,特别是免疫调节治疗的启动可能会提高潜在的患癌风险。有报道称IgG4-RD治疗后1年为肿瘤高发期。这不仅提示临床医生要谨慎区分两种疾病,而且要综合考虑治疗开始的时机和持续时间,才能有更好的预后。本病复发率高(年复发率约为11.5% [15]),需要糖皮质激素维持治疗。硼替佐米和环孢素(CsA)也用于治疗疾病的复发,在高IgG4疾病中看到的浆细胞浸润与在多发性骨髓瘤中观察到的肿瘤浆细胞增殖具有相似的特性 [16],而硼替佐米是一种具有可逆蛋白酶体抑制剂活性的抗肿瘤药物,已用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤 [17],并被证明可以消除产生致病性自身抗体的浆细胞 [18];研究表明环孢素在一定浓度下强烈抑制外周血单核细胞(PBMC)的IgG4/IgE合成,这与完全抑制CD40L表达、T细胞激活、细胞因子产生以及T和B细胞增殖有关 [19]。对糖皮质激素无反应的患者可以使用环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤和霉酚酸酯治疗,均能观察到病理学层面的缓解 [20],其中环磷酰胺作为烷化剂可以其较强的细胞毒作用抑制外周免疫细胞的增殖和分泌,霉酚酸酯(MMF)和硫唑嘌呤(AZA)则作为细胞周期抑制剂抑制DNA的合成,从而抑制T、B淋巴细胞的增殖和功能。Betancur-Vásquez等发现对于糖皮质激素难治性患者使用利妥昔单抗具有较高的反应率和较少的糖皮质激素依赖 [21]。关于利妥昔单抗治疗和减少复发的研究仍然不足。我们也希望在IgG4-RD治疗指南中加入更多选择性药物,从源头上减少这种困境的可能。

类似肺癌的IgG4-RLD的病例报道也值得关注,这主要是因为其具有误导性的影像学表现。术前行PET/CT检查、血清学检测肿瘤标志物,可在一定程度上提高鉴别效率,减少不必要的创伤性手术。然而,虽然影像的敏感性是可以信赖的,但特异性并不十分理想,特别是PET/CT中肿瘤与炎症病灶的混淆仍需注意,因此病理的诊断地位目前仍未动摇。同时研究表明,经支气管下肺活检(TBLB)在病理诊断上可部分替代手术切除,具有较好的准确性 [22]。但当两种疾病同时发生时,镜下针吸活检的局限性和随机性有可能会使误诊概率增加或延误治疗的时机。对于IgG4-RLD的患者的随访,应更加重视肿瘤筛查。这是一项长期的工作,需要医患双方的配合。

4. 结论

在此,我们报告了一例IgG4-RLD患者,其胸部CT显示多发磨玻璃影,与肿瘤难以鉴别。与包括肿瘤在内的其他几种疾病相比,IgG4-RLD的影像学表现不具有特异性,需要病理诊断的支持。这项研究强调,如果患者胸部CT可见高度怀疑恶性肿瘤的肺部阴影,但缺乏其他证据的支持,临床医生也应考虑IgG4-RLD并尽量获取病理活检结果,谨慎选择手术切除。

同意书

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

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