纤溶标志物在假体周围感染诊断中的研究进展
Research Progress of Fibrinolytic Markers in the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Infection
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12111519, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 215  浏览: 294 
作者: 王佳良, 郑中忍:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;马 辉, 王国栋, 赵晓伟*:济宁医学院附属医院骨关节外科,山东 济宁
关键词: 关节置换术假体周围感染诊断研究进展 Periprosthetic Joint Infections Diagnosis Research Progress
摘要: 假体周围感染是髋、膝关节置换术后毁灭性的并发症,目前尚无一种高效的实验室检测指标能够准确无误的诊断假体周围感染,所以假体周围感染的早期诊断至今仍面临巨大的挑战。近年来研究发现,纤溶标志物在诊断假体周围感染方面具有良好的应用前景。文章对纤溶标志物在关节置换术后假体周围感染诊断中的研究进展作一综述,以便为早期临床诊治提供参考。
Abstract: Periprosthetic infection is a devastating complication after hip and knee replacement. Currently, there is no effective laboratory test index that can accurately diagnose periprosthetic infection, so the early diagnosis of periprosthetic infection still faces great challenges. In recent years, it has been found that fibrinolysis markers have a good application prospect in the diagnosis of peripros-thetic infection. This article reviews the research progress of fibrinolysis markers in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection after joint replacement, so as to provide reference for early clinical diagno-sis and treatment.
文章引用:王佳良, 郑中忍, 马辉, 王国栋, 赵晓伟. 纤溶标志物在假体周围感染诊断中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 10553-10560. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111519

1. 引言

关节置换术是近年来发展最快的外科手术之一,是被人们所认可的治疗重度骨关节炎最有效的方法。通过关节置换可有效减轻关节疼痛,改善关节畸形,虽然人工关节置换术的临床应用已经十分成熟,但其手术并发症的问题也越来越受到人们的关注 [1] [2]。假体周围感染(Prosthetic joint infection, PJI)是人工关节置换术后最严重和最常见的并发症之一 [3],PJI在全髋关节置换术后的发病率约为1%~2%,在全膝关节置换术后发病率约为1%~4% [4]。尽管PJI的发生率不高,但随着越来越多的人接受关节置换,PJI病例的绝对数量也趋于增加,假体周围感染对全世界的患者和医疗保健机构来说是一个巨大的负担 [5]。因此,对于PJI的患者,明确早期诊断具有重要意义 [6]。

近年来,纤溶标志物在PJI诊断中的价值受到越来越多的关注,研究发现在诊断PJI方面,与目前临床上常用的一些传统检测指标相比,纤溶标志物有更高的诊断价值 [7] [8]。现有的指南大部分是由专家意见产生的,尚未得到验证,在最新PJI诊断标准中,又加入了一些有诊断价值的纤溶指标 [9]。目前,许多临床医生仍对纤溶标志物在PJI诊断价值方面意见不一,本文对该问题作一综述,为相关疾病的临床诊断和治疗提供参考。

2. D-二聚体

D-二聚体是纤维蛋白单体的特异性降解产物,由活化因子XIII交联,然后被纤维蛋白溶解酶水解而形成的 [10]。D-二聚体的分子量为180 KD,含有3条多肽链(α链、β链和γ链),其中γ链之间的连接是D-二聚体形成的结构基础。D-二聚体作为一种非特异性血清标记物,已被常规用于排除深静脉血栓形成,确定深静脉血栓患者抗凝的最佳持续时间,以及诊断弥散性血管内凝血等,但最近有文献报道D-二聚体也是诊断PJI的有价值的标志物 [11] [12]。

2.1. D-二聚体在感染诊断中的特点

全身和局部的感染和炎症可导致全身凝血异常以及纤维蛋白溶解活性的增加 [13]。Ribera等 [14] 对马驹的一项前瞻性研究中发现,在患有脓毒性关节疾病的马驹滑膜中D-二聚体浓度显著增加,感染引起的炎症反应在马驹的关节中发生了强烈的纤溶活性的激活,进一步验证了D-二聚体参与炎症反应以及感染过程。他们认为纤维蛋白溶解活性的增加以及D-二聚体的生成使感染灶局限化,从而防止引发全身性的损伤。

通常D-二聚体水平在手术后会急剧上升,术后第一天达到峰值,在第二天急剧下降至基线水平,然后在第二周缓慢上升至第二个峰值 [15]。D-二聚体在术后早期变化迅速,半衰期短,在整个术后期间的分布遵循正弦波模式 [16]。

2.2. D-二聚体在PJI诊断中的临床应用

在缺乏诊断PJI金标准的情况下,D-二聚体显示出了早期识别感染的优势。Shahi等 [17] 对245例患者的前瞻性研究发现,当血清D-二聚体诊断临界值大于850 μg/L时,此时D-二聚体对诊断PJI显示出了高敏感性(89%)和高特异性(93%),由此可见D-二聚体与传统标志物(血清CRP和ESR)相比在诊断PJI方面更具有优势。另一项研究发现,当D-二聚体临界值为170 ng/ml时,其诊断PJI的敏感性和特异性分别为92.73%和74.63%,进一步表明了D-二聚体是检测PJI的一种有价值的标志物 [18]。和单项指标相比,血清D-二聚体和CPR的联合应用可使敏感性达到98%,如果结合血沉和CRP水平,D-二聚体有望成为PJI早期诊断的新的血清学指标。

尽管有研究认为D-二聚体在PJI的诊断中有更高的敏感性和特异性,但对是否能够确诊PJI这个问题上,尚未达成一致看法。Xu等 [19] 研究了318名关节翻修患者的血清学指标发现,与传统炎症标志物相比,D-二聚体对PJI的诊断价值有限。在另一包含565例患者的文献研究中也得到了相似的结论 [20]。

2.3. 观点和建议

血清D-二聚体的检测既快捷又方便,并且在术后早期变化迅速,在第一天便可达到高峰,第二天迅速降至基线水平。正是由于这一特点,术后D-二聚体的变化可以作为PJI早期诊断的检测指标。在术后早期,D-二聚体的上升和下降比ESR和CRP更快,如果结合血沉和CRP水平,血清D-二聚体对PJI的早期检测和及时干预至关重要。

3. 血浆纤维蛋白原

纤维蛋白原是纤维蛋白通过共价交联而形成,分子量为340 kD的致密稳定的聚集体,它由Aα、Bβ和γ三条多肽链组成。血浆纤维蛋白原的主要功能是在组织和血管损伤部位通过凝血酶酶促转化为纤维蛋白,纤维蛋白缠绕成网状结构,把血细胞和其他血液成分包裹起来,进一步形成血凝块,阻止过度出血 [21]。近年来,血浆纤维蛋白原在PJI诊断中的价值也越发受到研究人员和临床医生的关注。

3.1. 血浆纤维蛋白原在感染诊断中的特点

血浆纤维蛋白原不仅在凝血级联反应中起着至关重要的作用,在介导炎症和感染过程中也起着关键作用 [22]。在弥散性血管内凝血过程中纤维蛋白原被消耗,可以观察到纤维蛋白原水平下降,然而在炎症感染中,纤维蛋白原水平升高 [23]。纤维蛋白原已被证明与多种炎症的进展有关,包括阑尾炎 [24],疟疾 [25],败血症 [26] 等。有研究表明,血浆纤维蛋白原是一种急性期蛋白,它的升高与感染状态密切相关 [27]。宿主纤维蛋白原与体内细菌产生的蛋白质相互作用,进而限制细菌传播,清除局部炎症,这些结果进一步解释了血浆纤维蛋白原作为急性期反应物的演变过程 [28]。

3.2. 血浆纤维蛋白原在PJI诊断中的临床应用

Pannu等 [29] 对102例关节置换翻修的病例进行研究后发现,纤维蛋白原在诊断PJI的敏感性与特异性分别为87.5%和62.8%,他们认为血浆纤维蛋白原是翻修术前筛选PJI有前途的生物标志物。XU等 [30] 前瞻性研究报道,当纤维蛋白原临界值设定为519 mg/dl时,其敏感性为90%,特异性为34%。因此他们认为血浆纤维蛋白原既表现出诊断PJI的良好的价值,又可作为确定再植入前是否持续感染的凝血相关指标。

在相关的文献中包含相互矛盾的结果,显示出了纤维蛋白原的不足之处。在一项血浆纤维蛋白原对PJI的诊断价值的前瞻性研究中,当血浆纤维蛋白原临界值为357 mg/dl时,PJI诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为68.6%和86.0% [31]。然而在另一项研究中,临界值为432 mg/dl时,血浆纤维蛋白原诊断PJI的敏感性与特异性分别为93%和56% [32]。

3.3. 观点和建议

血浆纤维蛋白原检测是术前检查凝血的常规操作,检查结果既可以了解病人的凝血情况又可以检测PJI,不会产生额外的费用。根据感染的临床体征(红肿、发热、疼痛)或血液中升高的常规生物标志物,如CRP和白细胞,可能出现假阳性或假阴性。在PJI检测方面似乎血浆纤维蛋白原与CRP和白细胞具有相同的准确性,为了验证这一发现,需要更多的临床数据来验证血浆纤维蛋白原是否可以作为PJI诊断的常规检查项目以及是否可以检测低毒性的关节假体周围感染 [33]。

4. 血小板计数

血小板是骨髓中成熟巨核细胞产生的小块细胞碎片,体积较小,直径约为2~3 μm。血小板内存在α-颗粒、致密体等血小板储存颗粒。血小板膜上有许多具有受体功能糖蛋白(GP)。如GPIb/IX/V是由GPIb、GPIX、和GPV通过非共价键组成的糖蛋白复合物,可与von Willebrand因子(简称vWF)结合。Looney等 [34] 通过小鼠实验证实,肺是生成血小板的主要器官,超过一半的血小板都是在肺里生成的。

4.1. 血小板计数在感染诊断中的特点

血小板参与凝血和炎症反应的多个环节,其数量变化、形态及分布状态改变可反映疾病的严重程度 [35]。传统上认为活化的血小板α颗粒和致密体释放的免疫介质在刺激机体局部免疫反应中起辅助作用 [36]。血小板是一种急性期反应物,在各种炎症和感染状态的诊断评估中可能发挥着更积极的作用 [37]。血小板对细菌有很强的反应性,不仅能够快速地募集到炎症和感染部位,而且能够释放细胞因子,招募白细胞直接对抗病原体 [38] [39]。Zhang等 [40] 认为,血小板可作为创伤性四肢骨折内固定术后深部手术部位感染诊断的重要辅助检查。血小板与淋巴细胞比率升高可预测糖尿病足感染中的骨髓炎 [41]。

4.2. 血小板计数在PJI诊断中的临床应用

感染可增强骨髓活性并导致血小板增多,这可能是PJI血小板水平显著升高的原因。Tirumala等 [42] 分析了439例关节翻修患者资料,结果发现,血小板计数诊断PJI的敏感性为57.5%,特异性为83.1%,进一步说明了血小板可以作为诊断PJI的潜在预测因子。在另一项回顾性研究中,当血小板和血沉的联合应用时,其敏感性和特异性分别为84.42%和79.56% [43]。他们认为二者联合使用诊断PJI能获得更准确的结果。

尽管血小板在医学的几个领域中显示出实用性,但是在预测关节置换术后PJI方面,评估血小板诊断能力的文献很少。有人对拥有130,073例全髋关节置换的大型数据库研究发现,血小板计数高的患者与更高的不良事件发生率和更长的住院时间有关 [44]。

4.3. 观点和建议

选择血小板指数有多种原因。首先,它们可以随时获得,因为大多数患者在术前都进行血常规检查。第二,血小板是一种急性相反应物,其数量随感染和炎症过程而变化。血小板和血沉结合能显示出更高的准确性,但是还需要更多的临床来验证这些观点,并进一步明确血小板是否比传统血清标志物检测PJI的灵敏性和特异性更高。

5. 血浆纤维蛋白降解产物

血浆纤维蛋白降解产物(Plasma fibrin degradation products, FDP)是由纤溶酶水解纤维蛋白和纤维蛋白原所形成的大小不同的蛋白质片段,纤维蛋白降解产物一般情况下不会再凝固,其中部分小肽还具有抗凝血作用 [45]。FDP是一种既能对病情进行监控又能对疾病的预后进性评估的良好指标。

5.1. 血浆纤维蛋白降解产物在感染诊断中的特点

FDP通过促进炎性细胞的激活来影响炎症的急性期反应。有文献报道 [46],当脓毒血症患者与其他对照组进行对比时,脓毒血症患者的FDP水平比其他对照组都要高,以此可见脓毒血症患者体内可能存在或多或少的凝血异常。在感染患者中,FDP升高提示机体内的凝血功能失衡,这是一种常见的过程。

5.2. 血浆纤维蛋白降解产物在PJI诊断中的临床应用

Fujimoto等 [47] 对318名接受翻修术的患者进行研究,FDP对PJI诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为65.12%和60.33%。他们认为,无论是单独使用还是联合使用,与传统的炎症标志物(血沉、CRP和白细胞介素-6)相比,FDP对PJI的诊断价值是有限的。

5.3. 观点和建议

关节置换术后纤维蛋白溶解反应会增加敏感性并降低特异性,尤其是在急性感染的情况下。初次关节置换术后FDP水平在6小时达到峰值,24小时内保持高水平,在90天后恢复到术前水平 [48]。Perrier等 [49] 人的报告,手术钻孔或使用骨锯也会导致FDP的长期升高。因此在术后短期内检测FDP升高难以区分是手术器械造成的还是感染造成的,会给临床诊断带来一定的误差。现阶段FDP在PJI的诊断中的应用价值仍存有较大的不确定性。由于相关研究极其有限,依然迫切需要大量临床数据研究来验证FDP在PJI诊断中的应用价值。

6. 总结和展望

关节假体周围感染作为髋膝关节置换术后最可怕的并发症,目前PJI的诊断仍存在巨大的挑战,尚无一种高度精确且经济有效的生物标志物成为公认的最佳检测手段。近年来,实验室检查在诊断PJI方面发展很快,但是缺少相关检测合适的临界值以及各检测组合的混乱也成为了实验室检查的一大缺点。同样纤溶标志物也存在不足之处,建议将纤溶标志物与常规诊断指标及其它新型指标结合起来,对比单一和组合指标的敏感性与特异性,进而使得PJI的诊断变得更准确。尽管目前有众多的诊断方法,未来还需要进行更大规模的、多中心的随机对照试验来完善PJI诊断体系,从临床和基础各方面开展深入的研究,为患者提供最佳诊疗方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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