过敏性紫癜患儿出院后随访研究进展:更新的认识
Research Progress of the Follow-Up of Henoch-Schtinlein Purpura in Children after Hospital Discharge: Updated Understanding
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121585, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 227  浏览: 374  科研立项经费支持
作者: 花媛媛*, 石 艳#:凉山彝族自治州第一人民医院儿科,四川 西昌
关键词: 过敏性紫癜发病机制危险因素随访研究出院后医疗Henoch-Schtinlein Purpura Pathogenesis Risk Factors Follow-Up Study Post-Discharge Medical Care
摘要: 过敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schtinlein purpura, HSP)是儿童期最常见的血管炎。尽管HSP大部分症状均有自愈性,但可合并消化道出血、肠套叠等,其次肾脏损害可影响患儿远期预后结局。尽早干预、改善远期预后、提高生活质量具有重要意义。本文总结国内外过敏性紫癜发病机制、国内外出院后随访研究进展,以期为该类患儿出院后随访管理提供参考。
Abstract: (Henoch-Schtinlein purpura, HSP) is the commonest cause of vasculitis in childhood. Although HSP is a relatively self-limiting disorder in children, gastrointestinal complications may occur, for exam-ple digestive hemorrhage, indigitation. Meanwhile, the renal damages have an effect on the long-term prognosis. Earlier treatment, better outcome and life quality are significant. This article introduces the pathogenesis of HSP, and the research progress for follow-up after discharge at home and abroad, so as to provide the information for management of HSP follow-up.
文章引用:花媛媛, 石艳. 过敏性紫癜患儿出院后随访研究进展:更新的认识[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11007-11012. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121585

1. 引言

过敏性紫癜(Henoch-Schtinlein purpura, HSP),也称亨–舒综合征,是儿童期最常见的血管炎 [1],临床上主要表现为皮肤紫癜、腹痛、关节痛和肾病 [2]。全球范围内平均发病率约在3/100,000~26.7/100,000之间,好发于3~15岁儿童 [3]。一项队列研究发现,17岁以下英国儿童中年发病率约为20/100,000,其中4~6岁儿童的年发病率最高,为70/100,000 [4]。中国台湾和捷克共和国研究发现,17岁以下儿童的年发病率为10/100,000,其中5~7岁儿童的年发病率最高 [5] [6]。除此以外,几项亚洲研究报告的发病率更高,例如,一项韩国研究发现儿童中的发病率约为56/100,000 [7]。HSP患儿出院后存在复发风险,同时远期可并发肾脏病,对患儿生存质量、家庭幸福及社会经济造成巨大影响,因此出院后及时、规范随访有利于尽早干预、改善远期预后、提高生活质量 [8]。

2. 发病机制

HSP是由IgA免疫介导血管炎所致。目前有多项研究发现多种感染性和化学性触发因素,但HSP的基础病因仍不能明确。有研究指出,HSP有可能是环境、免疫及遗传因素综合作用的结果 [9] [10] [11]。研究发现人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA)区域及其他免疫相关基因多态性与HSP发病有关,但有时结果并不一致,可能与种族、环境因素差异性有关 [12] [13]。目前有多篇疫苗接种后发生HSP的病例报告,其中一项病例对照研究发现,接种麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎三联疫苗(measles-mumps-rubella, MMR)后12周内发生HSP的风险增加(OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2~10.0) [14]。有病例研究纳入167例儿童,发现接种疫苗前3个月与接种后3个月的HSP发病风险并未升高(OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8~3.0) [15]。此外关于接种疫苗后1、1.5或2个月的发病风险,结果相似。综合这些研究结果,疫苗接种并不是HSP的主要致病因素,不应回避。

HSP的特征性表现为白细胞破碎性血管炎伴受累器官IgA免疫复合物沉积 [11]。HSP皮肤活检可见真皮乳头层中小血管受累(主要为毛细血管后微静脉),炎性浸润以中性粒细胞和单核细胞为主 [16]。免疫荧光检查显示受累血管壁内有IgA、C3和纤维蛋白沉积。肾脏内皮细胞和系膜细胞内也有IgA、C3、纤维蛋白、IgG和IgM沉积,IgM沉积较少见 [17]。

近年来有研究报道HSP患儿出现IgA糖基化改变、IgA抗心磷脂抗体水平升高及转化生长因子β水平升高 [18] [19] [20]。有研究发现,AECA是一种抗内皮细胞抗体,而IgAV患者血清中的IgA在体外可与人内皮细胞结合,支持IgA-AECA的存在,某些微生物可产生与人类血管壁相似的抗原结构,一旦感染后,可产生交叉反应性的AECA,β-2-糖蛋白是其中一种抗原,其可能粘附于内皮细胞并暴露本该隐藏的抗原 [21]。IgA与免疫复合物相互作用直接损伤内皮细胞,产生大量IL-8,激活中性粒细胞释放活性氧和微蛋白酶,趋化炎性细胞产生炎性介质,加重内皮细胞损伤,扩大炎性损害 [22]。

3. 紫癜性肾炎高危因素

研究报道约20%~54% HSP患儿可累及肾脏 [23],更常见于年长儿 [24]。一项多中心研究发现儿童和成人确诊紫癜性肾炎的中位年龄分别为9岁和35岁,且均以男性居多 [25]。多项研究发现,继发紫癜性肾炎危险因素包括:发病年龄较大、胃肠道症状、持续性紫癜、复发、白细胞计数升高、血小板计数升高、抗链球菌溶血素O滴度升高、C3水平降低、诊断延迟、血管性水肿以及中枢神经系统受累 [26] [27] [28] [29]。

4. 出院后随访管理

4.1. 随访时间

一般来说,HSP患儿预后结局通常很好,若未合并肾脏损害,HSP初次发作病程在1个月左右。曾有研究报道,约1/3患儿复发 ≥ 1次,通常在初次发病后4个月内,随访时间不少于4个月 [30]。国内一项meta分析共纳入6933例患儿,研究发现HSP复发相关危险因素包括:初次发病皮疹反复次数 ≥ 3次、初次发病伴肾损害、过敏原阳性、初次治愈后呼吸道感染、初次治愈后无预防用药、初次治愈后未饮食控制、初次治愈后未运动限制、初次发病伴关节肿痛,而幽门螺旋杆菌感染、嗜酸性粒细胞升高等因素在复发组发生率虽高于未复发组,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) [31]。上述发现提示,病情越重,复发风险更高,随访时间更长。继发肾脏疾病的HSP患儿中,约90%发生在起病2个月内,约97%则发生在6个月内,因此,最短随诊时间为6个月 [32]。而在英国Bristol Royal儿童医院甚至随访6~12个月,以便及时诊断紫癜性肾炎 [33]。也有研究报道,HSP首次发作与第2次发作之间平均间隔时间为13.5个月,这比先前报道的间隔时间更长 [34]。有研究表明平均随访大约18个月时,分别有94%的儿童和89%的成人完全缓解 [35]。

4.2. 随访指标

所有HSP患儿病初1~2个月都应随访尿常规、血压监测,每周1次或每两周1次。研究表明,家庭试纸尿干化学检测足以检测是否发生肾炎,病情缓解后可调整为每月1次,之后改为隔月1次,直到距最初发病1年为止。为及时发现迟发性肾脏损害,儿保科医师应在随后每年儿保就诊时继续筛查(例如,尿常规和血压测量等),前2个月每周进行1次尿常规、血压测量,对复发HSP及HSPN患者至少随访6个月以上 [23]。

若患儿有明显或持续的尿液异常(例如,孤立性血尿和非肾病范围蛋白尿)或血压升高,就应每3~6个月监测一次血清肌酐水平来评估肾功能,若出现肾功能不全,应及时转至小儿肾病专科,予以进一步评估和治疗。有孤立性血尿但无蛋白尿的患儿不需要定期监测血清肌酐。

紫癜性肾炎患儿随访血常规、血生化、尿常规、24小时尿蛋白定量等指标。病初ANCA、AECA阳性的患儿,应定期复查。予以MMF、CTX治疗的患儿,应定期复查CD4+/CD8+ T细胞计数 [36]。

4.3. 随访方式

电话随访简单便捷,但存在随访时间相对固定等弊端,患儿家属常因工作等原因,不方便接听电话,导致电话随访失访率较高,同时家属有问题也无法及时得到答复 [37]。有研究基于辽宁中医药大学附属医院信息部研发的多中心数据采集管理系统,建立儿童肾脏病慢病管理系统,通过将微信公众平台纳入紫癜性肾炎的随访管理,提出微信基于其庞大的用户群在慢性病患儿随访期管理上更具优势,可以弥补慢病系统在医患交流以及随访方面具有局限性,为实现患儿长程管理提供有利条件 [38]。

5. 总结与展望

HSP可继发肾脏疾病,影响远期预后。目前信息时代,互联网通信等高速发展,虽然不同地区经济及医疗卫生水平不同,但应尽量为患儿提供早期管理、全程管理及终身管理,设计个体化随访方案,定期规范随访相关指标,有利于患儿顺利向成年期过渡,最终减少复发率及终末期肾脏疾病发病率。

基金项目

四川省科技厅应用基础研究项目(Applied Basic Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province) 2021YJ0142。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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